LIBRARY OF THE

UNIVERSITY-OF ILLINOIS

AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

977.3 Sm5h v. 1 cop. 2

T.H.R

A HISTORY

OF

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

A Narrative Account of its Historical Progress, its People, and its Principal Interests

BY

George Washington Smith, M. A.

VOLUME I

ILLUSTRATED

THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY

CHICAGO AND NEW YORK 1912

COPYRIGHT, 1912

BY THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY

5 n

V.

INTRODUCTORY

The richest heritage which shall ever come into our possession is the simple story of the struggles, the sacrifices, and the triumphs of the men and women — our fore-parents — who planted in this western wilder- ness the home, the school, the church, and the state.

We shall never know that story in all its fullness and completeness. For the noble men and women who opened up the way for civilization

SPINNING WHEEL, SPOOL FRAME, AND WARPING BARS

in all this western country, have long since gone to their reward, and they have left meager accounts of all the vicissitudes through which they passed when "wilderness was king."

We may never realize, fully, what it meant for the men and women of a century or more ago to leave comfortable homes, devoted friends and relatives, the associations of childhood, aye, the graves of their dead, and take up their weary march over mountains, across streams, through trackless forests, to plant new homes in a wilderness inhabited by wild beasts and wilder men.

It is the purpose of this little volume to reveal a portion of that story to our people, and especially to the boys and girls while they are yet free from the cares of the graver responsibilities of life. If these young people shall ever come into possession of their inheritance, we may not fear for the future of our homes nor for the destiny of the state.

The tendency of those who gather up the history of a state or of a nation is to put much stress upon the political movements and greatly to neglect the other phases of a people's life. As individuals and as a

iii

IV

INTRODUCTORY

people we do not have very definite notions of the march of progress in the social life of our people; or of the industrial movement which has revolutionized all kinds of labor. Likewise we find it difficult to formu- late definite notions of our religious and educational advancement.

But it ought not so to be. We ought to be as deeply interested in the unfolding of our industrial life as in the evolution of our political history. What could be more profitable, and what more charming than the story of the progressive steps by which our home life has moved away from the one room log cabin with its chinks and daub, its puncheon floor, its open fireplace, its stick chimney, its whitewashed walls, and its creaky door upon its wooden hinges ?

This story may yet be preserved, in part at least, for there are people now living in our midst who remember the hand cards, the spinning wheel, the reel, the walking frame, the dull thud of the loom, as hour by hour the mother toiled in the mystery of shuttle, and sley, and

A HOME-MADE LOOM USED IN WEAVING CARPETS

treadle, and harness, and warp, and woof. The oldest inhabitant remem- bers vividly the shaving horse, the shoemaker's kit, the shuck collar, the wooden mold-board, the chain traces, the broadaxe, the sugar camp, the reap-hook, the whipsaw, the flail, and the water gristmill.

And we need only to rummage the attic of the old homestead to find the gourd, the piggin, the powder-horn, the bullet-moulds, the hackle, the candlestick, the swingling knife, the candle-moulds, the split bottomed chair, and the cradle.

And who has not heard of the campmeeting with its mysterious con- versions, its powerful sermons, its prolonged prayers, its stories of men who came to scoff but remained to pray ? Did you ever hear the hymns lined? Did you ever hear the tune pitched? Did you know that this faithful preacher had toiled hard all week at farm work, and studied his Bible at night in order to be able to shepherd his flock on Sunday ? Did you know the church finances were never "embarrassed" in those early days? There are those in nearly every neighborhood who carry in a sacred corner of their memory the story of the early church. They

INTRODUCTORY v

say little about those days. But they will tell you quietly this beautiful story of devotion and sacrifice.

And what shall we say of the pedagogue of a hundred years ago? He was like the seasons — he came and went. He had no settled home. He taught his school in some abandoned building and ' ' boarded 'round. ' ' There were no school-book trusts, and no school-furniture combines in those dreamy days. There were no county superintendents to refuse certificates, and no school journals to furnish methods and devices. But notwithstanding the meager material equipment of the schools, and the lack of intellectual preparation in the teacher, there was yet a constant movement toward better things. And if there was a lack of scientific

A WHEEL MORE THAN 150 YEARS OLD, USED IN SPINNING FLAX

methods in the educational processes, there was compensation in the moral and spiritual vigor instilled into the young people of that day. What a charming thing it would be to re-live this life with grandfather and grandmother! Who would not enjoy going back to the old home- stead even though it be in imagination only.

To the writer it has seemed not inappropriate to attempt to gather up and put into convenient form this simple story of our wonderful growth and development. His 'parents were immigrants in the early '30 's and the story of the life of those days as it came from father and mother is a blessed memory. This traditional knowledge has been sup- plemented by a limited amount of original investigation, but the chief reliance has been placed in the published histories to which the writer has had access.

The illustrations have been secured after much research and at no little expense, and it is hoped they may be found to be of true historical merit.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I SOUTHERN ILLINOIS GEOLOGY

CIVILIZATION BASED ON GEOLOGY — GENERAL SCIENTIFIC PHASE — THE GEOLOGICAL ERAS — TABLE OP GEOLOGICAL TIME DIVISIONS — THE GLA- CIAL PERIOD. 1

CHAPTER II RESOURCES OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

SOILS OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS — SOUTHERN ILLINOIS TIMBER — OUR COAL FIELDS — STONE, OIL AND GAS— SALT, LEAD AND CLAY — PRAIRIE AND TIMBER AREAS 10

CHAPTER III INDIANS AND PREHISTORIC PEOPLES

GREAT INDIAN FAMILIES — THE ILLINOIS INDIANS — GREAT CHIEFS — EVI- DENCES OF PREHISTORIC PEOPLES — THE CAHOKIA MOUNDS — IMPLE- MENTS, POTTERY AND PICTOGRAPHS. 23

CHAPTER IV DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS

CLAIMANTS TO AMERICA — MARQUETTE AND JOLJET — THE TRIUMPHS AND DEATH OF LASALLE — His BRAVE LIEUTENANT, TONTI 33

CHAPTER V PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS IN ILLINOIS

KASKASKIA SETTLED — GRANTS OF LAND — OTHER SETTLEMENTS — WAR AND PROGRESS — GOVERNMENT, CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS 49

vii

viii CONTENTS

CHAPTER VI LOUISIANA AND ILLINOIS (1732-1777)

ILLINOIS PRIOR TO THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR — THE STRUGGLE FOR THE OHIO VALLEY — OLD FORT CHARTRES — THE COMING OP THE BRITISH — ILLINOIS UNDER BRITISH RULE. 61

CHAPTER VII CLARK'S CONQUEST OF THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY

CONDITIONS IN ILLINOIS — CLARK'S EXPEDITION TO THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY — PUBLIC INSTRUCTIONS TO GENERAL CLARK— PRIVATE INSTRUCTIONS — DOWN THE RIVER — ACROSS SOUTHERN ILLINOIS — CAPTURE OP KAS- KASKIA — COUNTY OP ILLINOIS 79

CHAPTER VIII ILLINOIS COUNTY AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY

THE ROUTE TO VINCENNES — CAPTURE OP VINCENNES — COMING OF JOHN TODD — VIRGINIA CEDES HER WESTERN LANDS — ORDINANCE OF 1787 PASSED — GOVERNMENT ORGANIZED — CONDITIONS IN ILLINOIS — LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 90

CHAPTER IX AS A PART OF INDIANA TERRITORY

HARRISON AND THE INDIAN PROBLEMS — SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORY — ILLI- NOIS TERRITORY ERECTED. 104

CHAPTER X ILLINOIS (1809-1812)

TERRITORY OP THE FIRST CLASS — WAR OF 1812 — MATTERS OF LOCAL IN- TEREST— ILLINOIS A SECOND CLASS TERRITORY — A RETROSPECT. 109

CHAPTER XI APPROACHING STATEHOOD

NEW COUNTIES — BANKS AND BANKING — IMMIGRATION — FIFTEEN COUN- TIES UP TO 1818 — NATHANIEL POPE ELECTED TO CONGRESS 124

CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER XII ILLINOIS BECOMES A STATE

SERVICES OP NATHANIEL POPE — THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION — THE CONSTITUTION OP 1818 129

CHAPTER XIII ILLINOIS UNDER GOVERNOR BOND

STARTING THE NEW MACHINERY — ILLINOIS' BLACK CODE — IN THE NEW CAPITAL — ATTEMPTED FINANCIAL RELIEF — MILITARY TRACT — THE ENGLISH PRAIRIE SETTLEMENT — GOVERNOR BOND RETURNS TO His FARM 136

CHAPTER XIV ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR COLES

A MAN WITH CONVICTIONS — THE SLAVERY ISSUE — A BITTER CAMPAIGN — THE RESULT — THE SANGAMON COUNTRY — A DISTINGUISHED VISITOR —THE ELECTIONS OP 1826 148

CHAPTER XV NINIAN EDWARDS, GOVERNOR OF ILLINOIS

THE STATE BANK — AN INTERESTING DOCTRINE — SCHOOL LEGISLATION — THE WINNEBAGO WAR. 166

i " ; ' -

CHAPTER XVI EXPANSION

KASKASKIA AND CAHOKIA — MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS — PEORIA AND GAL- ENA— RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS — PRESBYTERIANISM — MISSIONARIES — METHODISM — THE BAPTISTS. 172

CHAPTER XVII AN IMPORTANT STATE PERIOD

How GOVERNOR REYNOLDS WAS ELECTED — THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS —

VDEEP SNOW OP 1830-1 — THE BLACK HAWK WAR — CALL TO ARMS—

THE END — SECOND HALF OF ADMINISTRATION. 180

x CONTENTS

CHAPTER XVIII ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR JOSEPH DUNCAN

ELECTION AS GOVERNOR — BANKING LEGISLATION RECOMMENDED — UNITED STATES AND STATE BANKS — REDEMPTION EXTENSION — SUSPENSION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS — STATE BANK IN LIQUIDATION — INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS — RECOMMENDATIONS — BILL PASSED OVER GOVERNOR'S VETO — CAPITAL REMOVED TO SPRINGFIELD — ALSO PASSED OVER COUNCIL'S VETO. 193

CHAPTER XIX MARTYRDOM OF LOVEJOY

SLAVERY IN STATE AND NATIONAL POLITICS — AGITATION BY ABOLITION- ISTS AND NEWSPAPERS — A MORAL HERO — LOVEJOY BECOMES AN EDI- TOR— CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT — "OBSERVER" MOVED TO ALTON — MOB DESTROYS PRESSES — LOVEJOY A MARTYR 207

CHAPTER XX ILLINOIS FROM 1838 TO 1846

THOMAS CARLIN ELECTED GOVERNOR — "TIPPECANOE AND TYLER Too" — INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT SCHEMES COLLAPSE — GOVERNOR THOMAS FORD — ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL PROGRESSES — SOME SOCIAL PROBLEMS. 219

CHAPTER XXI ADMINISTRATION OF AUGUSTUS C. FRENCH

THE MEXICAN WAR — THE MORMONS — CONSTITUTION OF 1848 — THE ILLI- NOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD — A NEW BANKING SYSTEM. 228

CHAPTER XXII GOVERNOR JOEL A. MATTESON

UNDER THE NEW CONSTITUTION — MATTESON ELECTED GOVERNOR — ILLI- NOIS CENTRAL BUILT — SLAVERY AGITATION — CANAL SCRIP FRAUD — STATE AND NATIONAL POLITICS. 246

CHAPTER XXIII PERIOD OF POLITICAL UNREST

ILLINOIS' FIRST REPUBLICAN GOVERNOR — OFFICIAL OATH AGAINST DUELLING — SOME MATTERS OF LOCAL INTEREST — POLITICAL SITUA- TION IN SOUTHERN ILLINIOS IN 1858 — WHEN DOUGLAS CAME TO CAIRO — LINCOLN IN ANNA AND JONESBORO. 253

CONTENTS xi

CHAPTER XXIV

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATE AT JONESBORO

MR. DOUGLAS'S SPEECH — MR. LINCOLN'S REPLY — MR. DOUGLAS'S REPLY.

267

CHAPTER XXV ON THE EVE OP THE GREAT CONFLICT

THE ELECTION OP 1858 — DOUGLAS AT BENTON — POLITICAL MEETINGS AT CENTRALIA — LAST DEBATE AT ALTON — THE CAMPAIGN OF 1860 — A SON OP ILLINOIS. 300

CHAPTER XXVI "WAR HISTORY (1861-1898)

POLITICS IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS — PRESIDENTIAL VOTE (1860) IN LOGAN'S DISTRICT — STATE CONVENTIONS AND ASSEMBLIES — KNIGHTS OP THE GOLDEN CIRCLE — "THE AMERICAN BASTILE" — SOUTHERN ILLINOIS IN CAMP AND BATTLE — THREE YEARS' SERVICE — ONE HUNDRED DAYS' SERVICE — THE ALTON BATTALION — ONE YEAR SERVICE — CAV- ALRY SERVICE — SPANISH- AMERICAN WAR — THE FOURTH ILLINOIS IN- FANTRY— EIGHTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY — NINTH ILLINOIS INFANTRY 314

CHAPTER XXVII THE RETURN OF PEACE

A REUNITED PEOPLE — ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT — POLITICAL AND CON- STITUTIONAL CHANGES — CONSTITUTION OP 1870 — ELECTIONS OP THE SEVENTIES — RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1870 — THE EIGHTIES AND NINETIES — THE WORLD'S FAIR — FROM ALTGELD TO DENEEN. 336

CHAPTER XXVIII JOURNALISM

FIRST ILLINOIS NEWSPAPERS — SLAVERY QUESTION STIMULATES JOURNAL- ISM— UNCERTAINTIES OF PIONEER JOURNALISM — ABLE OLD-TIME EDIT- ORS— LATER STIMULATING ISSUES — PAPERS FORCED TO SUSPEND — FOUNDED PRIOR TO 1880. 344

CHAPTER XXIX

TRANSPORTATION

EARLY RIVER BOATS — SOUTHERN ILLINOIS WATERWAYS — PIONEER TRAILS AND ROADS — GOVERNMENT HIGHWAYS — THE NATIONAL ROAD — WORK OF THE STATE. 353

xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER XXX EDUCATION IN ILLINOIS

FIRST AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS — BASIS OF ILLINOIS SYSTEM— PRIMITIVE SCHOOL HOUSES — CONVENTIONS TO ENCOURAGE PUBLIC EDUCATION — BEST FRIENDS OF THE CAUSE — STATE LAW OP 1855 — PRESENT SYSTEM OP PUBLIC EDUCATION. 364

CHAPTER XXXI ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

A PART OF THE GENERAL SYSTEM — CREATED BY THE STATE — SCHOOL OPENS IN 1866 — UNCERTAINTY AS TO STATUS — LIFE GOES OUT IN 1879.

376

CHAPTER XXXII PRIVATE SCHOOLS

FIRST HIGH SCHOOL IN ILLINOIS — SHURTLEFP COLLEGE — MCKENDREE AND EWING COLLEGES — SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE — GREENVILLE COLLEGE. 381

CHAPTER XXXIII SOUTHERN ILLINOIS COLLEGE

FIRST BUILDING ERECTED — ' ' THE HERALD OF TRUTH ' ' — COLLEGE REVIVED — CHARTER SECURED — CLOSED IN 1870. 387

CHAPTER XXXIV STATE SCHOOLS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

STATE AID AND LEGISLATION — SOUTHERN ILLINOIS HIGH SCHOOLS — SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNIVERSITY — WORK OF THE STATE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION — LEGISLATURE CREATES NORMAL UNIVERSITY — EDUCATIONAL CONVENTIONS — CARBONDALE, SITE OF SOUTHERN ILLI- NOIS NORMAL UNIVERSITY — UNIVERSITY OPENED — BUILDING BURNED — THE NEW MAIN BUILDING — GENERAL REVIEW. 392

CHAPTER XXXV BANKS AND BANKING IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

FIRST LAND OFFICES AND BANKS IN EGYPT — BANK OF ILLINOIS CREATED — BANK OF CAIRO — THE STATE BANKS — -INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT SCHEMES — FINANCIAL COMPLICATIONS AND EMBARRASSMENTS — THE FREE BANKING LAW — ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN BANKS OF ISSUE — EFFECTS OF NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM- — ILLINOIS BANKERS' ASSO- CIATION— GROUP No. 10 (SOUTHERN ILLINOIS) — BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS. 409

CONTENTS xiii

CHAPTER XXXVI AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES

PREPONDERANCE OF RURAL POPULATION — AVERAGE SIZE AND PRICE OP FARMS — -PERCENT OF VALUE IN LANDS, BUILDINGS, ETC. — NUMBER OF FARMS — EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES. 419

CHAPTER XXXVII ALEXANDER COUNTY

FIRST SETTLERS NEAR THEBES AND AT CAIRO — COUNTY SEAT CHANGES — CAIRO SURVEYED AND FOUNDED — LUMBER INTERESTS AND LEVEES — ALEXANDER IN WAR — INDUSTRIES, RAILROADS AND SCHOOLS — NOTED VISITORS — SOME PROMINENT MEN OF THE COUNTY — THE OLD TOWN OF THEBES. 425

CHAPTER XXXVIII BOND COUNTY

f Two NEIGHBORHOOD FORTS BUILT — THE Cox MASSACRE — SALT WORKS- SLAVERY ISSUE IN BOND COUNTY — SCHOOLS — FARMS AND FINANCES.

432

CHAPTER XXXIX CLARK COUNTY

FIRST SETTLEMENTS — MARSHALL AND THE NATIONAL ROAD — PROFESSIONAL MEN OF THE COUNTY — AGRICULTURAL AND FINANCIAL. 436

CHAPTER XL CLAY COUNTY

MAYVILLE, OLDEST SETTLEMENT — COUNTY SEAT MOVED TO LOUISVILLE — BUSY EARLY DECADE (1840-1850) — OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD BUILT — FOUNDING OF CHURCHES — SETTLEMENT IN WESTERN SEC- TIONS— PRESENT VILLAGES AND TOWNS. 439

CHAPTER XLI CLINTON COUNTY

CARLYLE, FIRST SETTLEMENT AND COUNTY SEAT — LAID OUT IN 1818 — CANDIDATE FOR STATE CAPITAL — JUDGE SIDNEY BREESE — PRESENT CONDITIONS. 443

xiv CONTENTS

CHAPTER XLII CRAWPOKD COUNTY

LAMOTT, FIRST WHITE RESIDENT — TERRIBLE HUTSON MASSACRE — PALES- TINE, THE OLD COUNTY SEAT — ROBINSON MADE THE COUNTY SEAT — AGRICULTURE — COMING OF RAILROADS AND OIL — OBLONG — THE OIL INDUSTRY. 446

CHAPTER XLIII CUMBERLAND COUNTY

COUNTY SEAT CHANGES — GENERAL FACTS OP INTEREST — NEWSPAPERS — THE NATIONAL ROAD AND RAILROADS. 451

CHAPTER XLIV EDWARDS COUNTY

SETTLEMENT OF THE ENGLISH PRAIRIE — ALBION FOUNDED — JUDGE WAL- TER S. MAYO — PIANKASHAWTOWN — AN EARLY TEACHER — THE MANU- FACTURE OF CLAY PRODUCTS — INTERESTING COUNTY ITEMS. 453

CHAPTER XLV EFFINGHAM COUNTY

EWINGTON, FIRST COUNTY SEAT — PRESENT SEAT OF JUSTICE — TEUTOP- OLIS — LAND VALUES 458

CHAPTER XL VI FAYETTE COUNTY

FIRST SETTLERS OF THE COUNTY — FIRST CAPITOL AT VANDALIA — SECOND CAPITOL — PERRYVILLE, SEAT OF FAYETTE COUNTY — ERNEST, OR HAN- OVER COLONY — FAYETTE AND VANDALIA ITEMS. 461

CHAPTER XLVII FRANKLIN COUNTY

CAVE TOWNSHIP FIRST SETTLED — PIONEER MILLS ERECTED — EARLY-TIME ITEMS — SLAVES AND LAND — BENTON, THE COUNTY SEAT — LOGAN AND DOUGLAS — GROWTH OF COAL INTERESTS. 465

CONTENTS xv

CHAPTER XL VIII GALLATIN COUNTY

THE COUNTY'S FIRST WHITE SETTLER — FIRST WHITE SETTLEMENT — A LAND OF FLOODS AND LEVEES — THE WILSONS — GENERAL THOMAS POSEY — OTHER PROMINENT MEN — TOWN OF EQUALITY. 469

CHAPTER XLIX HAMILTON COUNTY

FIRST SETTLERS — JUDGE STELLE'S PIONEER PICTURES — WHICH RECTOR WAS MASSACRED? — TOWN OF MCLEANSBORO — As TO EDUCATION — JAMES R. CAMPBELL — GENERAL INFORMATION. 475

CHAPTER L HARDIN COUNTY

PICTURESQUE AND PROSPEROUS — LEAD MINES AND TOWNS — FIRST SET- TLERS— CAVE-IN-THE-ROCK DESCRIBED. 478

CHAPTER LI JACKSON COUNTY

SETTLED EARLY PART NINETEENTH CENTURY — SALT INDUSTRIES FOUNDED — ILLINOIS CENTRAL BRINGS SETTLERS — CARBONDALE PLATTED — COAL MINING — GRAND TOWER — MURPHYSBORO. 481

CHAPTER LII JASPER COUNTY

i

NEWTON, THE COUNTY SEAT — POPULATION AND AGRICULTURE — VILLAGES IN COUNTY. 486

CHAPTER LIII JEFFERSON COUNTY

MT. VERNON MADE THE COUNTY SEAT — MILITARY RECORD — JUDICIAL AND LEGAL CENTER — CAR SHOPS — MT. VERNON OF TODAY — FACTS OF INTEREST. 489

xvi CONTENTS

CHAPTER LIV JOHNSON COUNTY

CREATED BY GOVERNOR EDWARDS — AGRICULTURE AND STOCK RAISING — EARLY SETTLERS — SLAVERY CONTEST (1823-4) — MAJOR ANDREW J.

KUYKENDALL CLARK PASSED THROUGH THE COUNTY. 492

CHAPTER LV LAWRENCE COUNTY

PIONEER FRENCH SETTLERS — THE DEEP SNOW AND MILK SICKNESS — SCHOOLS — CHARLOTTESVILLE — OLD TRAILS ACROSS THE COUNTY — LAWRENCEVILLE, THE COUNTY SEAT — OIL AND GAS WELLS. 497

CHAPTER LVI MARION COUNTY

AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK — OLD SALEM, THE COUNTY SEAT — ' ' STATE POLICY" ABANDONED — FATHER OF WILLIAM J. BRYAN — GEN. JAMES S. MARTIN — THE PRESENT SALEM AND CENTRALIA — LATE DISCOVERY OF OIL. 502

CHAPTER LVII MASSAC COUNTY

OLD FORT MASSAC — METROPOLIS LAID OFF — BROOKPORT (FORMERLY BROOKLYN) — JOPPA — DRAINAGE AND AGRICULTURE— THE OLD FORT TO BE PRESERVED. 506

CHAPTER LVIII MONROE COUNTY

FIRST AMERICAN SETTLERS — JEFFERSON'S ESTIMATE OF JAMES LEMEN — - OLD LEMEN FORT (SECOND BRICK HOUSE IN ILLINOIS) — THOMAS FORD AND DANIEL P. COOK — FIRST COUNTY COURT — SCHOOLS AND SLAVES — OLD FRENCH LAND GRANT — ELDER PETER ROGERS. 509

CHAPTER LIX PERRY COUNTY

PIONEER SETTLERS AND INCIDENTS — PINCKNEYVILLE SELECTED AS COUNTY SEAT — FIRST CIRCUIT COURT — DuQuoiN AND TAMAROA 513

CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER LX POPE COUNTY

SARAH VILLE (GOLCONDA), THE COUNTY SEAT — EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL — NOTED PERSONAGES — "GREAT MEDICINE WATER" — STATISTICS 516

CHAPTER LXI PULASKI COUNTY

CALEDONIA, THE OLD COUNTY SEAT — MOUND CITY OP THE EARLIER TIMES — GENERAL M. M. RAWLINGS — PLANS FOR THE GREAT EMPORIUM CITY — UNION BLOCK, CIVIL WAR HOSPITAL — THE PRESENT MOUND CITY — VILLAGES OP THE COUNTY. 519

CHAPTER LXII RANDOLPH COUNTY

COUNTY AND STATE HISTORY PARALLEL — KASKASKIA COURT HOUSE OP 1819 — A SLAVE COUNTY — POPULATION, 1825-1840 — COUNTY SEAT MOVED TO CHESTER — DECLINE OP KASKASKIA — ON THE RAMPARTS OP OLD PORT GAGE. 524

CHAPTER LXIII RICHLAND COUNTY

CONDITIONS IN 1820 — ELIJAH NELSON AND ROSWELL PARK — CUSTOMS OP EARLY SETTLERS — THE HARD YEAR, 1881 — FIRST INSTITUTIONS — THE CIVIL WAR — OLNEY. 528

CHAP'CER LXIV ST. CLAIR COUNTY

GENERAL ST. CLAIR CREATES THE COUNTY — COUNTY SEAT TRANSFERRED FROM CAHOKIA TO BELLEVILLE — EARLY SETTLEMENTS— GERMAN IM- MIGRATION— JOHN REYNOLDS AND JOHN M. PECK — CAHOKIA AND PRAI- RIE DU PONT — THE PRESENT COUNTY AND COUNTY SEAT — CHARLES DICKENS AND SON — EAST ST. Louis. 532

CHAPTER LXV SALINE COUNTY

PIONEER EVENTS — COUNTY SEAT LOCATED AT RALEIGH — POLITICAL HIS- TORY— CIVIL WAR SENTIMENT — HARRISBURG — ELDORADO — CARRIER MILLS — THE OLD STONE FORT. 538

xviii CONTENTS

CHAPTER LXVI UNION COUNTY

FIRST SETTLERS— JONESBORO MADE THE COUNTY SEAT — THE WILLARD FAMILY — COLONEL JOHN S. HACKER — VEGETABLES AND FRUITS — MIN- ERALS AND MINERAL SPRINGS — TOWNS. 541

CHAPTER LXVII WABASH COUNTY

FOUR TOUGAS BROTHERS, FIRST SETTLERS — THE THREE BLOCK FORTS — TIMBER AND SAW MILLS — MILK SICKNESS — SHIPTINGS OP THE COUNTY SEAT — ABORIGINAL REMAINS — NOTES FROM NATURE — THE WABASH AND MOUNT CARMEL — LIVE STOCK RAISING. 547

CHAPTER LXVIII WASHINGTON COUNTY

COUNTY SEAT CONTENTIONS — NASHVILLE FINALLY SELECTED — COURT HOUSES — CITY OP NASHVILLE — MINOR TOWNS. 552

CHAPTER LXIX WAYNE COUNTY

FIRST SETTLERS AND EVENTS — FIRST COUNTY SEAT — IN THE WARS — CAPT. THOMAS W. SCOTT — FAIRFIELD — FARM VALUES. 555

CHAPTER LXX WHITE COUNTY

ORIGINAL PHYSICAL FEATURES — WHITE COUNTY AND ITS SPONSOR — EARLY VISITORS — CARMI, THE COUNTY SEAT — ENPIELD — EARLY DAY WILD PIGEON ROOST. 558

CHAPTER LXXI WILLIAMSON COUNTY

LAST OP INDIANS — THE JORDAN BROTHERS — INDUSTRIES — MEXICAN AND CIVIL WAR MATTERS — TOWNS IN THE COUNTY. 561

INDEX

Abt, Paul W., 1362

Adams, Robert L., 1528

Adams, Willard W., 1299

Adams county, 174

Adderly, Henry C., 575

Adles, Max, 923

Agnew, T. Lee, 780

Agricultural resources — Preponderance of rural population, 419; average size and price of farms, 420; percent of value in lands, buildings, etc., 420; number of farms, 421; educational agencies, 421

Aiken, Hiram M., 1233

Akers, Peter, 385

Albion, 453, 454, 549

Alexander, James, 1376

Alexander, John, 1376

Alexander, Milton K., 205

Alexander, Walter C., 569

Alexander, William M., 425

Alexander county — First settlers near Thebes and at Cairo, 425; county seat changes, 425 ; Cairo surveyed and founded, 427 ; lumber interests and levees. 427; Alexander in the war, 427; industries, railroads and schools, 428; noted visitors, 429; some prom- inent men of the county, 431; the old town of Thebes, 431; the visit of the "Concord," 431; Alexander county court house (illustration) — At Cairo, 424; at Thebes (1845), 426

Allen. James C., 314, 338, 447, 1608

Allen, Thomas G., 329

Allen. William J., 338

Allio, James H., 1139

Allyn, Robert. 402. 407

Almira College, 435

Alsbrook. Arthur B., 811

Alsbrook, Robert W., 793

Alsup. James T.. 1509

Altgeld. John P., 341

Alto Pass, 545

Alton Battalion, 332

Alton city hall where Lincoln-Douglas debate was held (illustration). 302

Alton Seminary, 383

"Alton Spectator." 348

Ames, E. R., 384

Amity Academy, 434 Andel, Casimir, 334 Anderson, Amos, 514 Anderson, Benjamin H., 902 Anderson, Charles E., 1040 Anderson, Cyrus H., 956 Anderson, George H., 1642 Andrews, George W., 1106 Anna, 545

Anti-Nebraska party, 250 Antrim. Hugh S., 740 Apple, Elmer L., 1579 Applegath, Joseph, 455 Applegath, (Mrs.) Joseph, 456 Archer. William B., 436 Asbury, Isaac M., 1417 Atherton, William N., 1699 Attractive architecture, McLeansboro (illustrated), 476

Badgley settlement, 173

Bailey, Henry, 1540

Bainbridge, 564

Baird, Samuel W., 1161

Baker, Carl, 1135

Baker, David J., 166, 527

Baker, E. D., 230, 560

Bald Knob, 544

Baldwin, Theron, 372

Ballance, John W., 603

Bank of Cairo, 410

Bank of Illinois (Shawneetown), 125, 198, 223, 409, 412

Bank bills (illustrations), Issued by Ed- wardsville bank in 1821, 141; by Cairo bank, 196

Banks and banking — First land offices and banks in Egypt, 409; "Bank of Illinois" created, 409; "Bank of Cairo," 410; the state banks, 410; internal improvement schemes, 411; financial complications and embarass- ments. 412; the Free Banking Law, 414; "Wild Cat" banks, 415; one hundred and fifteen banks of issue, 415; effects of national banking sys- tem, 416; Illinois Bankers' Associa- tion. 416; group No. 10, (Southern Illinois), 417; building and loan as- sociations, 124, 194, 243, 417

XIX

INDEX

Banks and banking (illustrations), — Cairo bank, Kaskaskia, 410; old banking house in Shawneetown (1840), 413

Banksou, James, 552

"Baptist Banner," 348

Baptists (early), 121, 179

Barclay, Guy C., 1492

Barclay, Phil C., 626

Barker, Daniel P.. 878

Barker, Lewis, 489

Barnett, William U., 1482

Barr, William W., 817

Barringer, George, 602

Bartlett, Oscar L., 632

Bartmes, Frank, 1030

Barton, John H., 1697

Bateman, Newton, 255, 393

Battle of Bad Axe, 191

Beach, Herbert C., 877

"Beacon," 445

Bean, Jerome F., 1694

Beatte, Ira, 1305

Bechtold, Herman T., 1193

Bechtold, William G., 1123

Beck, Guy, 461

Beckemeyer, Herman H., 1633

Becker, Edward P., 1076

Beecher, Edward, 372

Beever, John C., 980

Beever, W. George, 961

Begg, J. Cyril, 1357

Belleville, 532, 533, 535

Bellefontaine, 509

Bellmann, Emanuel, 1497

Bennett, John, 941

Benson, Newton J., 693

Benton, 467

Bergen, John G., 178

Bernreuter, Louis, 1234

Berry, William, 346

Beveridge, John L., 340

Bierer, Frederick C., 662

Bierer, Frederick G., 663

Big Four Depot and Y. M. C. A. build- ing, Mt. Carmel (illustration), 550

Big Muddy river, 355

Biggs, William, 433, 509

Binder. John F. W., 1056

Birkbeck, Morris, 143 153, 346, 453, 454, 456, 457, 559

Birkner, Edward H., 1182

Bissell, L. H., 459

Bissell, William H.. 229, 251

Bissell (William H.), administration — Official oath against dueling, 253; Bissell-Davis affair, 254

Black Hawk (portrait), 185

Black Hawk war, 183

Blake. Edward L., 1405

Blake, William B., 1072

Blanchard, Israel, 322

Boewe, Ernest E., 1589

Boggs, Vivian O., 772

Boisbriant Pierre Duque, 59, 66

Bon Pas block house, 549

Bond. Shadrach. 103, 117, 118, 135, 136, 147, 494, 509, 527

Bond (Shadrach) administration — Starting the new machinery, 136; Illinois Black Code, 138; in the new capital, 139; attempted financial re- lief, 139; Military tract, 142; the English Prairie settlement, 142; Gov- ernor Bond returns to his farm, 147.

Bond county — Two neighborhood forts built (1811), 432; the Cox massacre, 432; Salt works, 433; slavery issue in Bond county, 434; schools, 434; farms and finances, 435

Bone, Finis E., 975

Bonney, John R., 1242

Borah, William E., 556

Borah, William N., 556

Borah, James L., 1636

Boswell, Charles J., 911

Bour. Frank. 1534

Bouthillier, 175

Bowlesville, 472, 482

Boys' corn club in Johnson county (illustration), 374

Boyd, Christopher J., 1201

Boyer, Eli, 531

Bracy, Benjamin D., 1080

Bradbury, Presley G., 1536

Braden, Clark, 390, (389 portrait), 391

Braden, William E., 1175

Bradley, Daniel J., 1326

Bradley, James, 383

Bradley, Thomas A, 625

Bramlett. John D., 863

Brayfield, Benjamin F., 695

Breese, Sidney, 238. 376, 445

Breeze, Emanuel, 906

Brick, 19

Bridges, Gus H., 699

Bridges, Harry T., 678

British occupation, 72

Britton. Edward G., 657

Brock, F. M., 1655

Brookport (Brooklyn), 507

Brooks. John F., 372

Brooks, William, 439

Brosman, William H., 1595

Brown, Alfred, 1165

Brown, Austin L, 1327

Brown, Charles, 982

Brown, Columbus, 614

Brown, John J., 1615

Brown, John M., 630

Brown, John P., 886

Brown, Joseph M., 1144

Brown, R. E., 596

Brown. Samuel B., 1523

Brown. William H., 166, 346

Browning. John L., 1579

Browning, Levi, 1577

Browning, Nelson, 667

Browning, 0. H., 251

Brownsville's only remaining house, 483

Bruchhauser, William, 625

Brush, Daniel H., 1398

Brush, Samuel T., 1395

Bryan, Silas Lillard, 338, 503

Bryan, William Jennings, 338, 504

INDEX

xxi

Bryant, Emmett 0., 1516

Bryden, William, 577

Bucher, Eberhard, 789

Building and loan associations, 417

Bunch, Andrew J., 264

Bundy, Joseph B., 744

Bundy, William F., 1479

Burbes, Henry S., 963

Burch, Elmer, 1261

Burgess, Hampton S., 1610

Burkhardt, Henry, 1377

Burkhardt, John M., 1309

Burkhardt, Phillip, 1037

Burkhart, James M., 1049

Burnett, C. P., 1290

Burnett, Henry L., 1300

Burnett, John H., 1104

Burns, Henry E., 979

Burton, Charles C., 1170

Burr, Aaron, 506

Burris, Hiram H., 692

Burritt, Eldon G., 386, 435

Bushnell, D. I., 28

Butler, William N., 814

Butner, Andrew J., 862

Cache river, 355

Cahokia, 51, 100, 172, 532, 534

Cahokia Building, view of, 1361

Cairo, 118, 427

Cairo City and Canal Company, 427

Caldwell, Andrew S., 1067

Caledonia, 519

Calhoun, Hugh, 528

Callahan, Ethelbert, 1245

Ualvin, Allen F., 1197

Calvin, Robert, 521

Camp, Abram, 447

Campbell, Alexander, 555

Campbell, Bruce A., 958

Campbell, James R., 335, 477

Campbell, J. M., 400

Canal scrip bill ($100) (illustration), 248

Cantrell, William S., 830

Cantril, John, 1706

Capel, Sigel, 1374

Capitols (illustrations) — At Kaskaskia, 137; at Vandalia, 139, 462; at Spring- field, 204, 338

Carbondale, 484

Carbondale College, 397

Carbondale National Bank, 761

Carlile, R. A., 818

Carlin, Thomas, 219

Carlin, William P., 328

Carlyle, 443

Carlyle, James C., 1662

Carlyle, Thomas, 444

Carmi. 558, 559

Carr, John E., 801

Carrier Mills. 540

Carroll, Charles, 471

Carroll, McDaniel, 1371

Carson, William C., 1119

Carson, Zenas C., 1108

Carter, George E., 1571

Carter, James C., 765

Carter, Marcus L., 861

Carterville, 564

Cartwright, Peter, 384

Casey, Thomas S., 330

Casey, William, 489

Casey, Zadoc, 179, 181, 192, 489, 503

Caspar, Edward J., 1519

Casper, Walter J., 1140

Casteel, Burton L., 893

Catholic missions (early), 121, 175

Catlin, Oren, 176

Cave-in-Rock, 479, 480

Centerville, 549

Central City, 505

Centralia, 505

Cereal Springs, 564

Cerre, John Gabriel, 101

Chaffin, Horatio C., 1253

Chamberlin, John M., Jr., 574

Chapman, James C., 1469

Chapman, Pleasant S., 496

Chapman, Pleasant T., 750

Charlottesville, 498

Chase, Charles H., 717

Cherry, Thomas L., 707

Chester, 527

Chicago Inter-State Exposition, 341

Cisne, William H., 1661

Citizens' State & Savings Bank, 1602

City Hall, Mt. Carmel (illustration), 546

City National Bank of Murphysboro, 677

Civil war period — Logan's popularity, 315; Logan In congress and the field, 316; state conventions and assemblies, 316; Knights of the Golden Circle, 317; Southern Illinois in camp and in battle, 322; three years' service, 326; one hundred days' service, 332; the Alton Batallion, 332; one year ser- vice, 332; cavalry service, 333

Clanahan, Milo R., 1262

Clark county — First settlements, 436; Marshall and the national road, 436; professional men of the county, 437; agricultural and financial, 437

Clark, George Rogers, 83 (portrait), 495, 506, 561

Clark, Harry H., 1622

Clark, James S., 1079

Clark, John, 179

Clark, Thomas A., 1651

Clark's conquest of the Illinois country — Conditions in Illinois, 79; Clark's expedition, 80; public and private in- structions to General Clark, 81; down the Ohio, 82; across southern Illinois, 83 ; capture of Kaskaskia, 85

Clay City, 441

Clay county — Maysville, oldest settle- ment, 439; county seat moved to Lou- isville, 439; busy early decade (1840- 1850), 440; Ohio and Mississippi rail- road built. 440 ; founding of churches, 440; settlement in western sections, 441; present villages and towns, 441

XX11

INDEX

Clays, 19

Clayton, Walter E., 1075

Clements, Frank, 633

Clendennin, T. C., 429

Clinton county — Carlyle, first settle- ment and county seat, 443; laid out in 1818, 443; candidate for state cap- ital, 444; Judge Sidney Breese, 445; present conditions, 445.

Clinton, DeWitt, 443

Cloud, Newton, 234

Coal, 15, 467

Cobbett, William, 143

Cobden, 545

Cockrum, Matthew W., 1205

Cole, Charles B., 1248

Cole, Hermon C., 1248

Coles' (Edward) administration — a man with convictions, 148; the slavery is- sue, 150; a bitter campaign, 152; the result, 155; the Sangamon country, 157; a distinguished visitor (LaFay- ette), 160; the elections of 1826, 163

Coles, Edward (portrait), 149

Coles, Frank, Jr., 1593

Coles, Frank, Sr., 1580

Collier, Homer, 1084

Colp, John, 1532-

Colyer, Walter, 1586

Comings, Alfred, 727

Company of the West, 54

Compton, Levi, 547

Concrete railroad bridge over Salt creek, near Effingham (illustration), 459

Connaway, Norman W., 831

Constitutions — Territorial bill of 1809, 109; of 1818 (state), 133; of 1848, 233; of 1870, 339

Cook, Daniel P., 164, 510, 527

Cook, John, 324

Cook, Marion C., 854

Cook, Rufus E., 1502

Cook, Thomas M., 624

Cooper, John L., 1605

Copeland, James P., 1589

Copeland. Louisa, 1592

Copeland, Minnie L., 1593

Coughanowr, George W., 784

County of Illinois, 87-90

Covington, 552

Cowan, Thomas J., 797

Cowling, Edward J., 969

Cox, Henry, 1493

Crab Orchard, 564

Grain, Clain, 977

Crawford county — Lamott,first white resident, 446; terrible Hutson massa- cre, 446; Palestine, the old county seat, 447; Robinson made the county seat, 447; school interests, 447; agri- culture, 448; coming of railroads and oil, 448 ; Oblong, 449 ; the oil industry, 449

Crawford, Francis E.. 1156

Crawford, James W., 1073

Cremeens, George L., 1195

Crichton, George K., 687

Crim, Charles W., 1506

Cross, John R., 1427

Crowley, Joseph B., 1511

Crozat, Anthony, 53, 59, 175

Cruiser "Concord" iu port at Cairo, (il- lustration), 430

Cruse, Grant, 1154

Cullorn, Edward, 447

Cullom, Shelby M., 340

Cumberland count y— County seat changes, 451; general facts of inter- est, 451; newspapers, 451; the na- tional road and railroads, 451

Cunningham, J. M., 562

Cunningham, James T., 314

Curtis, Henry C., 672

Cutler, Manasseh, 99

Dailey, Samuel M., 1275

Daily, Whitson W., 477

Daniel, Marshall E., 1422

Dare, Eugene M., 1331

Daugherty, John E., 1463

Davenport, George O., 1380

Davenport, John, 1378

Davidson, Charles A., 1402

Davis, Charles C., 1301

Davis, David, 251

Davis, Frank M., 1574

Davis, Henry L., 1332

Davis, Jefferson, 192

Davis, Joseph W., 842

Dawson, Duly M., 674

Dawson, Lewis A., 769

Dell'Era, Louis, 1400

Deneen, Charles S., 343, 385

Denison, Leon E., 767

Dense woods, Johnston county (illustra- tion), 494

DeRenault, Phillipe Francois 54, 66 67, 105

De Rocheblave, Chevalier, 75, 96

Dewey, Robert K., 1138

Dewey, William S., 859

DeWitt, John C., 713

DeWitt, William M., 1623

Diamond Grove Prairie, 173

Dick, Edgar B., 821

Dickens, Alfred Tennyson, 431, 537

Dickens, Charles, 536

Dickey, Thomas M., 1623

Dill, John D., 607

Dillon, Andrew, 1530

Dillon, Elisha, 1123

Dillon, Hettie A., 1125

Dillon, Wilford F., 1478

Dimmock, Thomas, 216

Dinwiddie, Charles C., 1354

Dixon, William. 518

Dodd, George E., 1513

Doherty, Anthony, 1460

Dollins, James J., 330

Donagliy, Mrs. Minnie J., 778

Donaghy, William B., 778

Donaly, James, 1002

Dorris". William S.. 909

Dougherty, Henry, 327

INDEX

XXlll

Dougherty, James, 520

Douglas, Stephen A., 238, 249, 255, 301, 313, 314, 371, 429

Dowell, George W., 1450

Dowell, William C., 1204

Draper, Newton W., 1468

Drone, Marion N., 1285

Dry, Alva R., 847

Dubois, Jesse K., 251, 497

Dubois, Toussaint, 497

DuCoign, Jean Baptiste, 26

Duff, A. D., 322

Dulany, William A., 1612

Dunaway, Samuel W., 1069

Duncan, George E., 1061

Duncan (Joseph) administration — elec- tion as governor, 193; banking legis- lation recommended, 194; United States and state banks, 195; redemp- tion extension, 197; suspension of specie payments, 198; State Bank in liquidation, 200; internal improve- ments, 200; recommendations, 200; bill passed over governor's veto, 203; capital removed to Springfield, 203; also passed over council's veto, 205

Duncan, Joseph, 157, 165, 169, 185, 192, 193, 222, 368, 436

Duncan, Mathew, 344

Dunn, Joel, 1538

DuQuoin, 515

Dwyer, Mrs. W. T., 716

Dye, John W., 851

Early-day dwelling of clay and straw, Richland county (illustration), 529

Early River boats, 353

Early schools, 120

Early school houses, 369

Early school teachers, 120, 366, 455

Easley, William T., 1324

Easterday, Elmer P., 731

Easterday, Melancthon, 612

East St. Louis, 537

Eaton, Abel C., 914

Eaton, Samuel B., 898

Ebers, William, 945

Echols, Thomas B.. 1613

Eddy, Henry (portrait), 154, 344, 471

Edgar, John, 103

Edwards county — Settlement of the Eng- lish prairie, 453; Albion founded, 454; Judge Walter L. Mayo, 454; Pianka- shawtown. 455; an early teacher, 455; an early civil engineer, 456; the man- ufacture of clay products, 456; in- teresting county items, 457.

Edwards, Cyrus. 371, 376

Edwards. Francis M., 1104

Edwards. James E. N.. 1070

Edwards, James G., 348

Edwards (Xinian) administration — The State Bank, 166; an interesting doc- trine, 168; school legislation, 169; the Winnebago War, 170

Edwards. Xinian, 109. 164, 533

Edwards. Ninian W., 373

Edwards, William 0., 829

Edwardsville, 344

Erlingham, 458

Ettingham county — Ewington, first county seat, 458; present seat of jus- tice, 458; Illinois College of Photog- raphy, 459; Teutopolis, 459; land val- ues, 459

Eighteenth Infantry Regiment, 327

Eighth Illinois Infantry, 335

Eightieth Infantry Regiment, 329

Eighty-first Infantry Regiment, 330

Eighty-seventh Infantry Regiment, 330

Eis, Gustave E., 1315

Eldorado, 540

Eleventh Infantry Regiment, 326

Elizabethtown, 479

Elliott, Thomas 0., 1003

Ellis, John M., 176, 178, 382

Elvira, 494

Emmerson, Louis L., 1373

Emporium Real Estate and Manufactur- ing Company, 521

Enfield, 560

English, George W., 745

English Prairie settlements, 144, 453

Epler, Elbert, 1659

Equality, 472

Ernest, Ferdinand, 462, 463, 559

Ernest (Hanover) colony, 463

Ernst, Frank, 1097

Eshleman, Hugh B., 905

Etherton, James M., 759

Evans, Joseph T., 1028

Everest, Harvey W., 407

Ewing College, 385

Ewing, W. L. D., 192

Ewington, 458

Fager, Daniel B., 1157

Fairfield, 557

Faller, Louis, 1239

Farmer, Robert, 75

Farmer, William M., 1152

Farms f illustrations) — Oakdale farm, Vienna, 493 ; P. S. Chapman farm, Vi- enna, 495 ; Wm. E. G. Britton, Mounds, 519

Farris, Dawson, M.. 1336

Fayette county — First settlers in the county, 461; first capitol at Vandalia, 461; second capitol, 462; Perryville, seat of Fayette county, 462; Ernest, or Hanover colony, 463; Fayette and Vandalia items. 463

Feirich, Charles E., 816

Feldmeier. Samuel H.. 1277

Felts, Benjamin R.. 1683

Fern. William .T.. 588

Ferrell, Benjamin B., 1527

Ferrell. Hosea V.. 1163

Ferrell. William F.. 1183

Feuchter, Charles, 873

Fifer. Joseph W.. 341

Fifth Cavalry Regiment, 333

Fifteenth Cavalry Regiment, 334

Fifty-fourth Infantry Regiment, 329

XXIV

INDEX

Fifty-sixth Infantry Regiment, 329

File, Charles H., 1490

Finley, John Evans, 122

First American school teacher in Illinois, 120

First Cavalry Regiment, 333

First court of law, 69

First High School in Illinois, 382

First magazine in Illinois, 347

First National Bank of Mound City, 798

First Republican governor of Illinois, 253

Fischer, John G., 1060

Fisher, George, 117

Fisher, Orcenith, 553

Fithian, Charles D., 1550

Fitzgerrell, Daniel G., 1341

Fitzgerrell, Evan, 1024

Flack, John, 513

Flanagan, Samuel J., 399

Flannary, Abraham, 425

Flannary, Joshua, 425

Flannary, Thomas, 425

Flannigen, John L., 932

Flathead and Regulator war, 224

Fleming, Richard G., 1387

Fleming, R. K., 346

Flora, 441

Flower, George, 144, 346, 454, 457

Flower, Richard, 144, 145

Fly, Jesse \J., 697

Ford, J. B., 919

Ford, Theodore M., 618

Ford, Thomas, 166, 348, 510

Ford, William H., 1143

Ford (Thomas) administration — Illinois and Michigan Canal progresses, 223; a brighter outlook, 223; some social problems, 224

Fordham, Elias Pym, 454, 456

Foreman, Ferris, 230, 231, 463

Forester, John, 892

Fort Chartres, 54, 66, 71 and 72 (illus- trations)

Fort Clark, 174

Fort Crevecoeur, 45

Fort Dearborn (Chicago) in 1812 (illus- tration), 114

Fort Dearborn massacre, 112

Fort Edwards, 115

Fort Gage, 527

Fort Massac. 506, 507 (illustration), 508

Fortieth Infantry Regiment, 328

Forty-third Infantry Regiment, 328

Forty-eighth Infantry Regiment, 328

Fouke, Philip B., 327

Four Mile Prairie, 513

Fourteenth Cavalry Regiment, 334

Fourth Illinois Infantry (Spanish-Amer- ican war). 334

Fox, Erwin D., 1320

Fraim, Oliver M., 739

Frankfort, 467

Franklin county — Cave township first settled, 465; pioneer mills erected, 465; early-time items. 466; slaves and land, 466; Benton, the county seat,

467; Logan and Douglas, 467; growth

of coal interest, 467 Fraser, Alexander S., 643 i'ree Banking law, 244, 414 French, Augustus C., 255 French (Augustus C.) administration —

End of Flathead and Regulator war,

226; Mexican war, 228; Mormons, 228;

constitution of 1848, 233; 111. Cent.

R. R., 237; a new banking system, 243 French, D. P., 378 French, George H., 573 French villages, religious life of, 60 Frier, Harry L., 1006 Friganza, Commodore, 1392 Friganza, Willis T., 1393 Fuller, R. C., 1384 Funkhauser, John J., 330 Fyke, Edgar E., 1542

Gahm, George L., 1557

Galbraith, John T., 579

Galena, 175

Gallatin county — The county's first white settler, 469; a land of floods and levees, 470; the Wilsons, 470; Gen- eral Thomas Posey, 471; other promi- nent men, 471; town of Equality, 479; a pioneer industry, 479

Gallatin County Bank, 1702

Galligan, James H., 890

Uarretson, James, 509

Garrison, I. L., 1624

Gas, 18

Gasaway, Americus, 1294

Gaskins, Edward, 833

Gaskins, John T., 858

Gaskins, Wilson, 825

Gatewood, William J., 371

Gauen, Albert, 1054

Gauen, Roy E., 1032

Gee, Harl L., 1330

Gee, Knox, 1503

Gen. Grant and Gen. McClelland at Cairo (1861) (illustration), 323

Geology — Civilization based on, 2; Gen- eral scientific phase, 3; eras, 4; time divisions, 5; Southern Illinois, 5; Glacial period, 7

George, William E., 1200

Georgetown, 552

Gerhart, Thomas S., 1225

Gerlach, Jacob P., 578

Gerould. Theodore F., 1293

Gibbs, William L, 226

Gibson, Elijah P., 1271

Gibson, James Walter, 1158

Gibson, James W., 1421

Gilbert, Edward L., 795

Gilbert. Miles F.. 726

Gilbreath, Whitney, 933

Gill, E. E., 1058

Gillespie, Joseph, 39, 314

Gillespie. Robert E., ?72

Gilliam. William H.. 1304

Glass. William T., 1339

Glynn, John P., 600

INDEX

XXV

Goddard, George A., 682

Goddard, Henry T., 1677

Goddard, Reuben J., 924

Golconda (bird's eye view), 517

Goodman, Thomas B., 1115

Gordon, Abram G., 1172

Gordon, George A., 1497

Gordon, H. S., 1497

Goudy, John, 376

Grammar, John, 542

Grand Rapids dam, Mt. Carmel, 356 (illustration), 551

Grand Tower, 484

Grant, Ulysses S., 324

Grant, William A., 997

Grant, William H., 822

Gravier, James, 49

Greaney, William P., 826

"Great Medicine Water," 518

Great Western Railway Company, 238

Green, Earl, 1352

Green, Reed, 842

Green, William H., 1353

Green, William P., 609

Green, Judge William P., 1240

"Greenup Tribune," 451

Greenville College, 386, 435 (illustra- tion)

Grierson, Benjamin H., 333

Grissom, William M., 1207

Griswold, Stanley, 109

Gum, George W., 1489

Gun "Capt. Billy Smith," Cairo (illus- tration), 428

Gunboats at Cairo (illustration), 325

"Gusher" near Robinson, Crawford county (illustration), 449

Hacker, Fanny P., 429, 1297

Hacker, John S., 543

Haertling, G. H., 1575

Hale, James I., 628

Hale, John A., 584

Hall, Frank H., 422

Hall, Henry R., 1319

Hall, James, 344, 347

Hall, William B., 880

Hall, William 0., 1455

Halliday, Samuel, 1692

Hambleton, W. L.. 522

Hamilton, Charles E., 658

Hamilton, James W., 1364

Hamilton College, 477

Hamilton county — First settlers, 475; Judge Stelle's pioneer pictures, 475; which Rector was massacred, 476; town of McLeansboro, 476; as to edu- cation, 477; James R. Campbell, 477; general information, 477

Hamlin, John, 174

Hammond, Jackson L., 756

Hansen, Nicholas, 151

Hardin county — Picturesque and pros- perous. 478 ; lead mines and towns, 478; first settlers, 479; Cave-in-Rock described, 480

Hardin, John H., 229

Hardy, John G., 690

Hardy, Solomon, 178

Hargrave, Jean, 796

Harker, Oliver A., 1100

Harlan, James D., 1617

Harmon, John, 385

Harper, John B., 1539

Harreld, William E., 1344

Harrington, Lawrence R., 685

Harris, Clyde D., 774

Harris, Gilham, 555

Harris, Isaac, 555

Harris, Thomas W., 329

Harrisburg, 540

Harrison, Francis O., 1220

Harriss, Judson E., 938

Hart, Samuel, 1096

Hart, William H., 1274

Hartwell, Dausa D., 1038

hartwell, DeWitt T., 1022

Hasenjaeger, Henry, 808

Hatch, O. M., 251

Hawkins, Louis A., 1324

Hawks, Walter S., 322

Hay, W. D., 560

Haynie, Isham N., 328

Heard, Montreville, 1444

Hearn, William O., 733

Heckert, Henry F., 1226

Helm, Douglas W., 1670

Hemenway, Justin G., 884

Henderson, W. H., 222

Henry, James D., 185

Henson, John H., 1250

Herbert, Oscar L., 87fi

Herrin, 564

Herrin, Paul D., 1118

Hersh, E. W., 1065

Hess, L. Jasper, 805

Hester, James S., 648

Hewitt, Francis M., 1098

Heyde, John B., 1055

Hickman, George A., 749

Hicks, Stephen G., 231, 328

Higher education — First High School in Illinois, 382; Southern Illinois Col- lege, 387; state aid and legislation, 392; Southern Illinois high schools, 394; Southern Illinois Normal Uni- versity, 395; work of the State Teach- ers' Association, 395; Legislature cre- ates Normal University, 396; educa- tional conventions, 397; Carbondale, site of Illinois Normal University, 400; University opened, 402; build- ing burned, 404; the New Main Build- ing, 406; general review, 407

Hight, James F., 758

Hileman, George T., 694 •Hill, William S., 732

Hill, William H., 1425

Hill, Robert P., 1089

Hillman, A. C., 378

Hill's fort, 432

Hines, Frank B., 386, 1685

Hirons, John D.. 1237

Hodges, Edmund J., 1485

XXVI

INDEX

Hoffman, Francis A., 251

Hoffman, George, 1626

Hoffmeier, Fred, 1316

Hofsommer, Charles W., 1114

Hogue, James H., 1466

Hogue, Wilson Thomas, 386

Holbrook, Darius B., 427

Holcomb, Matthew R., 1562

Holdoway, John A., 897

Holshouser, William 0., 1480

"Homestead Exemption Law," 235

Hood, Fred, 752

Hoopes, Thomas F., 1432

Hopkins, Frank, 585

Hopp, Edward J., 867

Hord, George Y., 1511

Horn, Henry, ST., 985

Horn, Mary F., 987

Horn, Thomas, 987

Hostettler, Henry W., 1244

Hotels (illustrations)— Old Sweet hotel, Kaskaskia, 162; the Rawlings hotel, Shawneetown, 163; old Jonesboro ho- tel, headquarters of Lincoln and Douglas (1858), 542

Hovey, Charles E., 396

Howe, Elbridge Gerry, 176

Howell William H., 1472

Hubbard, Adolphus Frederick, 164

Hubbard, William H., 1134

Huddleston Orphans' Home, 380

Hudgens, Hiram A., 677

Hudgens, John B., 696

Hudson, Ira J., 719

Huegely, John, Jr., 1310

Huegely, Julius, 1173

Huffman, G. Riley, 721

Huffman, George H., 734

Hughes, Aurelius G., 737

Hull, John, 407

Hull, Nathaniel, 509

Hundley, Robert M., 331

Hunsaker, George, 542

Huntsinger, Harrison P., 894

Huthmacher, Charles C., 1062

Huthmacher, George, 725

Hynes, Thomas W., 433

"Illinois Advocate and Lebanon Jour- nal," 385

Illinois Agricultural College — A part of the General System, 376; created by the state, 377; school opens in 1866, 378; uncertainty as to status, 379

Illinois and Michigan Canal, 202, 223

Illinois Bankers' Association, 416

Illinois Central Railroad, 238

Illinois College, 385

Illinois College of Photography, 459

Illinois country, 62

"Illinois Emigrant," 344

"Illinois Gazette." 344

"Illinois Herald," 344

"Illinois Intelligencer." 346

"Illinois Monthly Magazine," 347

"Illinois Republican," 346

Illinois State Trust Company, 1361

Illinois S t a t e — The constitution o f 1818; first state election, 135

Illinois Teachers' Association, 372

"Illinois Temperance Herald," 348

Indiana Territory — Harrison and the In- dian problems, 104; slavery in the territory, 105; erection of, 108; War of 1812, 111; matters of local in- terest, 115; a second-class territory, 116; a retrospect, 119; services of Nathaniel Pope, 129; the constitu- tional convention, 131; immigration to Illinois, 126; Indian trails, 357

Indians — Great families, 23; Illinois In- dians, 24; great chiefs, 25

Industrial League of Illinois, 376, 395

Ingersoll, Ezekiel J., 406, 650

Ingersoll, Robert G., 471

Inglis, Samuel M., 435

Ingraham, Charles E., 703

Internal Improvements, 201, 221, 229

Irvin, Cyrus H., 1190

Irvington, 378

Isley, Albert E., 1491

Jackson, Charles A., 809

Jackson county — Settled early part of nineteenth century, 481; salt indus- try founded, 482; Illinois Central brings settlers, 483; Carbondale platted, 484; coal mining, 484; Grand Tower, 484; Murphysboro, 485

Jackson, Earl B., 1035

Jackson, James W., 1072

Jacksonville, 178

James, Bennett, 1674

James, Fountain E., 1576

James, George W., 715

Jasper county — Newton, the county seat, 486; population and agriculture, 486; villages in county, 486; Mt. Ver- non made the county seat, 489; mili- tary record, 490; car shops, 490; ju- dicial and legal center, 490; Mt. Ver- non of today, 491; facts of interest, 491

Jenkins, David P., 334

Jenkins, Henry H., 807

Jennelle, John J., 1464

Jeremiah, Thomas, 1212

Jesuits, 60, 80

Jinnette, Ezekiel R., 1418

Jo Daviess county, 174

Johns, Frederick A., 332

Johnson, Charles, 1638

Johnson, Edgar F., 1434

Johnson, Matthew, 75

Johnson, Stephen A., 1039

Johnson. William L., 910

Johnson county — Created by Governor Edwards. 492; agriculture and stock raising, 492; early settlers, 494; sla- very contest (1823-4), 494; Major Andrew J. Kuykendall, 495, Clark passed through the county, 495

Johnston City, 564

Johnston, James F., 1142

INDEX

XXVll

Johnston, William H., 708

Joliet, 36, 40

Jones, Alfred H., 1486

Jones, Emsly, 481

Jones, Gabriel, 527

Jones, James, 348

Jones, James M., 966

Jones, Obadiah, 109

Jones, Robert S., 1541

Jones, Thomas X., 1470

Jones, William, 179

Jones, William C., 1563

Jones' fort, 432

Jonesboro, 542

Jonesboro College, 385

"Jonesboro Gazette," 348

Joplin, James M., 1236

Joppa, 508

Jordan, Joshua, 547

Jordan brothers, 561

Journalism — First Illinois newspapers, 344; slavery question stimulates journalism, 346; uncertainty of pio- neer journalism, 346; able old-time editors, 347; later stimulating issues, 348; papers forced to suspend, 348; founded prior to 1880, 349

Judd, Norman B., 251

Judy, Samuel, 173

Kane, Elias Kent, 157, 527

Kane, W. C., 868

Kansas-Xebraska act, 249

Karraker, Jacob, 1191

Karraker, O. M., 1192

Karraker, Thomas N., 992

Karsteter, William R., 968

Kaskaskia, 49, 102, 110, 172, 524

Kaskaskia, Capture of, 85

Kaskaskia eighteenth-century mill, ruins

of (illustration), 120 Kaskaskia Presbyterian church, 176 Kaskaskia view from Fort Gage, 342 Kaskaskias, 24 Kasserman, Henry M., 1443 Kasserman, Rudolph J., 1405 Keefe, David E., 1481 Keen, Frank B., 683 Keen, John, Jr., 1646 Keen, Raab D., 1664 Keener, George W., 332 Keith, Leroy G., 712 Keith, L. D., 665 Keller, P. J., 964 Kellogg, A. N., 349 Kellogg, Elisha, 173 Kellogg, Seymour, 173 Kellogg, William Pitt, 312 Kelly, Daniel E., 701 Kelly, George H., 1057 Kennedy, George, 1043 Kennedy, George, Sr., 1043 Kennedy, James B., 855 Kennedy, Marcus L., 904 Keokuk (chief), 183 Kerley, Thomas B., 666 Keys' Willard. 174

Kickapoo Indians, 25, 102

Kidd, Robert, 509

Kimmel, Singleton H., 344

Kimzey, Loranzey D., 922

King, Freeman, 942

Kinney, William, 180, 205

Kirkham, Robert, 329

Kirkpatrick, Cornwall E., 773

Kirkpatrick, R. D., 973

Kitchell, Joseph, 447

Kneffner, William C., 332

Knights of the Golden Circle, 318, 322,

539

Knoph, Aden, 1272 Knox, James, 250 Koch, Fred J., 1105 Koenigsmark, Alois J., 1048 Koenigsmark, Jacob J., 1047 Koenigsmark, John J., 930 Koenigsmark, Thomas, 1046 Koennecke, Frederick H., 1415 Koerner, Gustavus, 246, 251, 340, 533,

534 (portrait) Kohn, H. H., 640 Kramer, Edward C., 571 Kramer, James H., 1634 Kuhls, Frank G., 1133 Kuny, Frederick J., 1704 Kuykendall, Andrew J., 495

Lackey, George W., 1437

Lacky, William A., 882

LaFayette, 160, 161 (portrait)

Lamer, Charles R., 1192

Lamott creek, 446

Lamott prairie, 446

Land, George L., 1702

Langan, Peter T., 644

Lansden, John M., 1672

Largent, W. W., 871

LaSalle, 41

Latham, S. W., 881

Lauder, Hugh, 567

Laughlin, William T., 783

La Ville de Maillet (Peoria), 174

Lawler, Michael K., 231, 327, 471

Lawrence county — Pioneer French set- tlers, 497; the deep snow and milk sickness, 498; schools, 498; Charlottes- ville, 498; old trails across the coun- ty, 498; Lawrenceville, the county seat, 499; oil and gas wells, 499

Lawrenceville, 499

Lawrenceville High School (illustra- tion), 499

Layman, Thomas J., 300, 1065

Lead, 19, 174, 478

Leavitt, J. A., 385

Lebanon Seminary, 384

Leib, Daniel, 185

Lemen, James, Sr., 509

Lengfelder Brothers, 1520

Lengfelder, Charles R., 1521

Lengfelder, Gustavus A., 1521

Lengfelder. Louis F., 1522

Lentz, E. Gilbert. 1112

Leonhard. Adolph M., 1452

XXV111

INDEX

Leppo, Frank T. I., 1220

Lesemann, Philip B., 1260

Levett's Prairie, 439

Levy, Isaac K., 568

Levy, Mike, 1411

Lewis, Albert W., 1318

Lewis, Cassie B., 1177

Lewis, Elijah, 1066

Lewis, John S., 1013

Lewis, Steven C., 1273

Libke, Andrew K., 1667

Lightner, Alfred S., 1631

Lillard, Joseph, 122

Lime, 17

Limestone, 16

Lincoln, Abraham, 192, 204, 251, 255, 304, 306, 308, 309 (portrait), 310

Lincoln-Douglas debate — Arrangements for, 256; some matters of local inter- est, 257; political situation in South- ern Illinois in 1858, 258; at Cairo, 261; Lincoln in Anna and Jonesboro, 263; at Jonesboro, 267; Douglas at Benton, 300; last debate at Alton, 301

Lindly, Cicero J., 1546

Linegar, David T., 314

Lingle, Fred L., 597

Lingle, Willis E., 1134

Link, Robert R., 917

Lippincott, Thomas, 177

Lippitt, William D., 907

Lockwood, Jesse C., 476

Log school house (illustration), 371

Logan, John A., 231, 255, 314, 315, 316 (portrait), 327, 467, 471, 485, 538, 539, 563

Logan, Thomas M., 1148

Long, James M., 1321

Looney, William A., 615

Lord, Hugh, 75

Louisiana, 61

Louisville, 439, 441

Lovejoy (Elijah Parish) and his mar- tyrdom— a moral hero, 209; Lovejoy becomes an editor, 210; constitutional right, 211; "Observer" moved to Al- ton, 211; mob destroys presses, 212; Lovejoy a martyr, 215

Lovejoy monument (illustration), Al- ton, 218

Lovejoy, Owen, 251

Lowe, Ausby L., 1435

Lowis, William W., 1120

Lufkin, John E., 1179

Lusk, Jack. 869

Lyerly, Andrew J., 627 f Lyerly, William D., 729

Lyle. John D., 1198

Lynch, John, 531

Lynn. Charles, 1705

Lyon, Charles M.. 1431

McAdams, Clark, 28 McAdams, William, 28, 30 McBaen. William. 507 McCall, Daniel. 730 McCann, Oria M., 1661

McCann, Patrick S., 1147

McCarley, Herman, 896

McCartney, Marcus N., 1566

McCaslin, Warren E., 1130

McClernand, John A., 471

McUintock, Charles E., 779

McClun, J. E., 250

McClure, Chester A., 1669

McClure, John, 510

McClusky, Frederick W., 1291

McCollum, Harvey D., 1258

McConnell, Murray, 205

McCormick, Alphouso, 1159

McCreery, Walker W., 1286

McCullom, Vandalia, 463

McCullough, J. S., 243

McElroy, Isaac N., 983

McElvain, Robert J., 1100

McEwing, William, 515

McFall, William W., 1322

McFarlan, James, ST., 479

McGehee, Moses P., 1264

McGoughey, John E., 1257

McGuyer, John B., 1536

Mcllrath, Robert J., 962

Mclntyre, Aorman, 994

McKeaig, George W., 331

McKee, John F., 1052

McKendree College, 384

McLaren, Archibald B., 1254

McLean, John, 135, 157, 471

Madison county, 116

Maeys, Edward, 1627

Maeys, Jacob, 1627

Mahan, I. S., 378

Main street, Elizabethtown (illustra- tion), 482

Maps — Showing royal grants, 33; Amer- ican Bottom (French villages), 56; Clark's route from Fort Massac to V incennes, 91; settled portions of Il- linois in 1812, 113; first fifteen state counties (1818), 127; showing vote on slavery question (1824), 158

Marberry, Oscar J., 447

Marest, Gabriel, 50

Marion, 564

Marion county — Agriculture and live stock, 502 ; Old Salem, the county seat, 503; "State Policy" abandoned, 503; father of William J. Bryan, 503; Gen. James S. Martin, 504; the present Sa- lem and Centralia, 504; late discovery of oil, 505

Marker of Lincoln -Douglas debate at Jonesboro (illustration), 266

Marks, Daniel, 451

Marlow, James T., 903

Marquette, 35, 40

Marquette among the Indians, (illus- tration), 36

Marshall, 436

Marshall. Charles, 1483

Marshall. John, 125. 471

Marshall, John A., 321

Martin, Edward A.. 1639

Martin, George E., 616

INDEX

XXIX

Martin, James H., 676

Martin, James S., 331, 504

Martin, Sidney C., 654

Massac county — 226; Old Fort Massac, 506; Metropolis laid off, 506; Brook- port (formerly Brooklyn), 507; Joppa, 508; drainage and agriculture, 508; the old fort to be preserved, 508

Mason, Charles H., 1021

Mason, Tice D., 1595

Matheny, John W., 1413

Mather, Thomas, 195, 205, 527

Mathews, John, 176

Mathews, W. A., 385

Mathis, George W., 655

Mathis, John B., 887

Mathis, John P., 743

Mathis, Robert D., 798

Matteson (Joel A.) administration — Matteson elected governor, 246; Illi- nois Central built, 247 ; slavery agita- tion, 247; Canal scrip fraud, 248; state and national politics, 249

Matthews, William A., 654

Maulding, Ambrose, 489

Maxey, Bennett M., 1180

Maxey, James C., 490

Maxey, Moss, 1027

Maxey, Walter S., 1349

May, Leonidas J., 1094

Maynard, Charles E., 1504

Mayo, Walter L., 454

Maysville, 439

Meads, Joseph L., 582

Medill, Joseph, 251

Meirink, Bernard J., 1219

Menard, Pierre, 117, 135, 141, 367, 521

Mermet, P. J., 50

Merrifield. Walter E., 1391

Merritt, Wesley, 504

Meserve, Frank C., 1169

Methodists (early), 122, 178

Methodist Episcopal church, Mt. Carmel (illustration), 548

Metropolis, 507

Meyer, Frantz J., 1033

Meyer, George L., 1333

Meyer, H. A., 435

Mick, Robert, 1420

Military Bounty lands, 173

Miller, Alexander W., 1206

Miller. Andrew E., 591

Miller, Ernest F., 1087

Miller, James, 251. 255

Miller, Jesse E., 1673

Miller, John P.. 1326

Miller, John W., 1111

Miller, Robert H., 1087

Miller, Sidney B., 1475

Mills, Commodore, 1191

Mills. Charles W.. 673

Mills, Virgil W., 1641

Millspaugh, Albert C., 1354

"Miner's Journal." 347

Mitchell. H. C., 563

Mitchell, Henry C., 1064

Mitchell. James C., 1045

Mitchell, John W., 539, 540

Mitchell. Samuel M., 563

Moffat, Thomas, 1390

Mohlenbrock, William, 1278

Molitor, John, 1229

Monken, George J., 1102

Monk's Mound, 28

Monroe county — First American set- tlers, 509; Jefferson's estimate of James Lemen, 509; old Lemen fort (second brick house in Illinois), 510; Thomas Ford and Daniel P. Cook, 510; first county court, 510; schools and slaves, 511; old French land grants, 511; Elder Peter Rogers, 511; Col. William R. Morrison, 512

Mooneyham, James P., 637

Moore, Carroll, 1170

Moore, Hosea H., 1630

Moore, Henry W., 234

Moore, James. 509

Moore, John, 222

Moore, John W., 583

Moore, Risdon M., 331

Moore, Thomas L., 553

Moorehouse, Thaddeus, 528

Moorman, Howard, 1029

Morgan county, 173

Morgan, Ambert D., 646

Morgan, Charles E., 947

Morgan, Harry P., 1561

Morgan, James D., 326

Morgan, Lewis C., 1343

Mormons, 222, 224, 228

Morony, James J., 1128

Morray, Damie, 652

Morris, Buckner S., 252

Morrison, Joseph, 527

Morrison, William R., 231, 512

Moss, Douglass, 1507

Moss, Harry C., 1600

Mound City, 520

Mounds, 523

Mt. Carmel, 549, 551

Mt. Vernon, 173, 179, 489

Mozley, Norman J., 668

Muer, A. C., 175

Mulcaster, John G., 761

Munndell, Cornelius W., 1531

Murphy, Penina O., 1654

Murphy, William K., 1652

Murphysboro, 482, 485

Murray, Hugh V.. 1505

Murrie. William J., 664

Musselman, Edward, 943

Nashville, 553

"Nashville" at the Golconda wharf (il- lustration), 518

National Cemetery near Mound City (il- lustration), 522

National road, 358, 360, 437. 451. 464

National Stock Yards National Bank, 1092

Nauman. John A., 1472

Nauvoo, 224, 228

Needham, Daniel, 1160

XXX

INDEX

Needles, Thomas B., 1411

Neely, George W., 332

Nelson, Elijah, 528

Nelson, Snowden B., 955

Nesbitt, William A., 660

Newbold, Joseph H., 348

Newby, E. W. B., 232

New Chartres, 55, 68, 69

New counties, 116, 118, 124, 141

New Design, 509

New Grand Chain, 523

Newland, H. W., 322

Newlin, Enoch E., 1446

Newlin, LeRoy, 1518

Newlin, Thomas J., 1516

Newton, 486

Newton, Lawrence G., 711

Niebur, B. Clemens, 1095

Nimms, Alexander J., 330

Ninety-seventh Infantry Regiment, 330

Ninety-eighth Infantry Regiment, 330

Ninth Illinois Infantry, 335

Nixon, Madison G., 1019

Noleman, Frank F., 1457

Norris, George W., 681

Norton, Jesse O., 250

Northwest Territory — Civil government north of the Ohio, 98; ordinance of 1787 passed, 99; government organ- ized, 100; conditions in Illinois, 100; local government, 103

Oakley, Charles, 205

Oblong, 449

"Oblong Oracle," 449

O'Connor, Ephraim, 172

O'Gara Coal Company, The, 1224

Ogilvie, Lewis, 1598

Oglesby, Richard J., 251, 340, 341

Ohio valley, struggle for, 64

Oil, 449, 499, 505

Oil in transit Lawrence county (illustra- tion), 500

Oil territory. A common sight in (illus- tration), 450

Okawville, 554

Old Illinois Agricultural College, Irving- ton (illustration), 379

Old Kaskaskia disappears, 342

"Old Lemen Fort," 510

Oldest Illinois publication (facsmilie of "Illinois Herald,") 345

Olmsted, 523

Olney. 528

One Hundred Ninth Infantry Regiment, 330

One Hundred Tenth Infantry Regiment, 330

One Hundred Eleventh Infantry Regi- ment. 331

One Hundred Seventeenth Infantry Regiment, 331

One Hundred Twentieth Infantry Regi- ment, 331

One Hundred Twenty-eighth Infantry Regiment. 331

One Hundred Thirty-first Infantry Regi- ment. 331

One Hundred Thirty-sixth Infantry Regi- ment, 332

One Hundred Forty-third Infantry Regi- ment, 332

One Hundred Forty-fourth Infantry Regiment, 332

One Hundred Forty-fifth Infantry Regi- ment, .332

One Hundred Forty-ninth Infantry Regi- ment, 332

One Hundred Fiftieth Infantry Regi- ment, 332

Ozburn, Harry 0., 1602

Ozburn, John L., 611

Ozment, Marshall, 1042

Page, Oliver J., 1514

Palestine, 447

Palmer, Elihu J., 399

Palmer, John M., 251, 258, 305, 338

Palmyra, 549

Pape, Gustavus, 526, 952

Parish, John J., 846

Parish, William H., 844

Park, Edmund C., 1246

Park, Roswell, 529

Parker, Charles A. C., 781

Parker, George N., 1424

Parkinson, Daniel B., 407, 1602

Parmly, Walter D., 1459

Parrish, Braxton, 466

Parsons, George, 1188

Parsons, S. H., 99

"Patent inside," 349

Pautler, Nicholas B., 972

Pavey, C. W., 341

Pavey, Louis G., 1185

Payne, William S., 1340

Pearce, Jo R., 852

Peck, Ebenezer, 205

Peck, John M., 153, 348, 371, 372, 376, 382, 534

Peeler. Samuel D., 1414

Pellett, Ezra B., 794

Peltier, P. P.. 511

Penvler, Hugh, 1495

Peoria, 174

Permanent settlements — Kaskaskia set- tled, 49; grants of land, 52; war and progress, 58

Perrine, William A., 1312

Perry county — Pioneer settlers and inci- dents, 513; Pinckneyville selected as county seat, 514; first circuit court, 515; DuQuoin and Tamaroa, 515

Perry. Enos. 670

"Perry County Times," 515

Perry'ville, 462

Personeau. Etienne. 532

Pflasterer. Frank. 963

Phillips, A. J.. 261. 264

Phillips, David L.. 261

Phillips. D. W.. 378

Phillips. John E.. 1386

Phillips. William H., 619

Phillips. Winfield S.. 1371

Philp. Harry 0., 1303

Piankashawtown. 455

INDEX

xxxi

Piasa bird, 32, 38 (illustration)

Piatt, Hiram H., 1388

"Picket Guard," 349

Pickrell, Andrew J., 775

Picquet, Joseph, 1712

Pictographs on Illinois river bluffs, (il- lustrations), 31

Pier, Charles S., 1688

Piercy, Willis D., 1284

Piggott's fort, 509

Fillers, George W., 835

Pinckneyville, 514

Pinkel, Armin B., 1378

Pinkstaff, John, 498

Pioneer monument at Old Kaskaskia, (illustration), 343

"Pioneer of the Valley of the Missis- sippi," 348

Pippin, W. H., 1252

Pitner, Homer W., 1643

Pixley, Harvey F., 1265

Plummer, Walter B., 1453

Pontiac, 26, 73

Poorman, Andrew J., Jr., 1606

Pope county — Sarahville (Golconda), the county seat, 516; educational and social, 516; noted personages, 517; "Great Medicine Water," 518; statis- tics, 518

Pope, B. F., Sr., 823

Pope, Benjamin W., 823

Pope, Nathaniel, 109, 128, 129, 366, 444

Pope, Payton S., 621

Pope, Pleasant N., 837

Porter, Edward K., 800

Porterfield, John F., 1279

Portraits — George Rogers Clark, 83; Abraham Lincoln, 309 ; John A. Logan, 316; Edward Coles, 149; Henry Eddy, 154; Lafayette, 161; Black Hawk, 185; Clark Braden, 389; Peter White, 473; James C. Maxcy, 488; Gustavus Koerner, 534; Samuel Westbrook, 539

Posey, Thomas, 471

Post, Frank H., 1031

Potter, William O., 1010

Potthast, Fred, 1213

Powell, Alfred E., 786

Powell, H. K., 1155

Powell, William H., 251

Prairie areas, 21

Prairie du Pont, 535

Prairie du Rocher, 55, 59 (winter view)

Prehistoric people — Evidences of, 27 ; the Cahokia mounds. 28; implements, pot- tery and pictographs, 30

Prehistoric relics from Wabash county (illustration), 26, 29

Prentiss, B. M.. 324

Presbyterians (early), 122, 176

Press (See Journalism)

Price, George B., 445

Prill, Max, 1558

Proctor, David Choate, 176

Protestant churches (early), 121

Pruett Family, the, 1474

Public schools — First American, 365; basis of Illinois system, 366; primi-

tive school houses, 369; conventions to encourage public education, 370; best friends of the cause, 372; state law of 1855, 373; present system of public education, 373

Pulaski county — Caledonia, the old county seat, 519; Mound City of the earlier times, 520; General M. M. Raw- lings, 520; plans for the great em- porium city, 521; Union Block, Civil war hospital, 522"; the present Mound City, 523; villages of the county, 523

Pulley, Lewis B., 999

Quick, Thomas, 378

Quincy, 174

Quindry, S. Eugene, 1588

Raab, Henry, 341

Raddle, Frank J., 1621

Railroad strike of 1877, 340

Railroads, 203, 236, 237, 503

Rainey, Henry T., 338

Raith, Julius, 328

Raleigh, 538

Randolph county— County and state his- tory parallel, 524; Kaskaskia court house of 1819, 525; a slave county, 529; population, 1825-1840, 525; coun- ty seat moved to Chester, 526; decline of Kaskaskia, 527 ; on the ramparts of Old Fort Gage, 527

Rapp, Frederick G., 1137

Rapp, Isaac, 405, 636

Rapp, John M., 1644

Rathbone, Valentine, 849

Rathbone, Walter R., 849

Raum, Green B.. 329

Raum, John, 517

Rawlings, M. M., 205. 520

Rawstron, R. N., 1650

Ray's settlement, 494

Rea, Herman M., 1259

Reardon, James S., 327

Rebman, Emma, 1709

Rector, John T., 362

Rector. Nelson, 115, 476

Reed, Frank S., 690

Reed, John, 75

Reed, Joseph B.. 688

Rees, Samuel H., 736

Reichert, August, 1628

Reichcrt, John F., 1570

Reinhardt. 0. F., 1565

Renault, Phillip, 207

Renault land grant. 511

Rendleman. Andrew J., 598

Rendleman. Drake H.. 1575

Renfro, John H. B., 706

Renfro. Robert E., 705

"Republican Advocate." 346

Repudiation of state debt, 221, 223

Residences — (illustrations), John Mar- shall's residence. Shawneetown, 125; John A. Logan's home at Benton, 466; childhood home of William J. Bryan, Salem, 504; residence of the late Wil- liam R. Morrison, Waterloo. 513; man-

XXX11

INDEX

sion of Pierre Menard, near old Fort Gage, 525; home of Daniel Stookey, near Belleville, still standing, 535

Reuter, Theodore L., 1231

Revolutionay flag owned by Robinson brothers, Shawneetown (illustration), 469

Reynolds, H. G., 400, 401

Reynolds, John, 167, 255, 533

Reynolds, Marcus Green, 483

Reynolds, Thomas, 527

Reynolds (John) administration — How Governor Reynolds was elected, 180; the inaugural message, 181 ; deep snow of 1830-1, 182; the Black Hawk war, 183; call to arms, 184; the end, 190; second half of administration, 192

Rhodes, Orange H., 659

Rich, George D., 580

Rich, George W., 1129

Rich, Robert L., 1109

Richards, J. H., 343

Richardson, A. M., 31

Richardson, James A., 489

Richardson, William A., 252

Richart, Fred W., 1007

Richland county — Conditions in 1820, 528; Elijah Nelson and Roswell Park, 528; customs of early settlers, 529; the hard year, 1881, 530; first insti- tutions, 530; the Civil war, 531; Ol- ney, 531

Rickert, Nelson, 949

Rickman, Joshua H., 1210

Rider, William H., 383

Ridgeway, Thomas S., 340, 471

Risley, Theodore, 549

Ritter, Charles L., 1209

River steamers on the marine ways, Mound City (illustration), 520

Roads (early), 357

Roberts Family, 926

Roberts, George W., 1131

Roberts, Harry" W., 930

Roberts, Ira T., 1017

Roberts, John F., 586

Robinson, 447

Robinson, J., 540

Robinson, James C., 314

Robinson, Luther F., 1222

Robinson Township High School (illus- tration), 448

Robison, Thomas L., 1151

Rock Springs, 173, 382

Rock Spring Seminary, 382; (illustra- tion), 383

Rodenberg, William A., 1508

Roedel, Carl, 1243

Rogers. Peter, 511

Rogers Seminary, 511

Ronalds, K. C.. 608

Rose, Albert M., J535

Rose, James A.. 517

Rose. Pleasant W., 776

Rosiclare, 478

Ross, Charles H. S., 948

Rothrock. Walter S.. 1583

Rude, Hankerson, 538 Ruf, John, Jr., 1093 Russell, John, 376 Russell, William, 111 Russellville, 497 Rutherford, Friend S., 330 Rutherford, Larkin, 509

Sabin, Frank A., 777

Saguinn (Blackbird), 25

Sailor Springs, 441, 442

Ste. Anne, 71

St. Clair, Arthur, 100, 101, 532

St. Clair county, 100, 102

St. Clair county's first court house (now in Jackson Park, Chicago), 533

St. Clair county — General St. Clair creates the county, 532; county seat transferred from Cahokia to Belleville, 532; early settlements, 532; German immigrations, 533; John Reynolds and John M. Peck, 533 ; Cahokia and Prairie du Pont, 534; the present county and county seat, 535; Charles Dickens and son, 536; East St. Louis, 537

St. Francisville, 497

St. Joseph's academy, 511

St. Marie, 487

St. Phillipe, 55, 71

Salem, 503, 504

Saline county — Pioneer events, 538; county seat located at Raleigh, 538; political history, 538; Civil war sen- timent, 539; Harrisburg, 540; Eldo- rado, 540; Carrier Mills, 540; the old stone fort, 540

Saline river, 354

Salt, 18, 433, 472, 482, 484

Salzmann, Ferdinand, 1389

Sanders, Carl D., 1348

Sandstone, 17

Sangamon country, 157, 159

"Sangamon Spectator," 348

Sarahville (Golconda), 516

Sargent, Winthrop, 100, 101

Sauer, Albert N., 714

Sauer, George N., 1443

Sauer, Nicholas, 1439

Sauer, Philip E., 1442

Saussier. Jean B., 68

Schaefer, Charles, 963

Schaefer, Herman L., 1671

Scharfenberger, Frank, 1018

Schatz, William, 870

Schauerte, Kasper, 1283

Schmidgall, John L.. 643

Schmidt, Henry E., 1116

Schmitt. Edward G., 1110

Schorr, John S., 1004

Schroeder, Edward A., 1581

Schroeder, Henry W., 1088

Schuh. Paul G., 1703

Schulmeister. Ernst F., 1009

Schurmann. Edward. 1657

Schuwerk. William M.. 1162

Schwartz, William, 1458

Schwartz, William A., 1034

INDEX

XXXlll

Schwarzlose, Gideon, 1641

Scott, Charles L., 1665

Scott, J. H., 594

Scott, Thomas W., 557

Scudamore, Joseph B., 1618

Seaman, Jonathan, 1146

Seeber, William P., 788

Second Cavalry Regiment, 333

Seed, Maurice J., 1370

Seeley, John, 366

Seely, Samuel J., 120

Sellers, George Eschol, 472

Sessions, A. Ney, 1048

Seten, Ross, 1351

Seventh Cavalry Regiment, 333

Seventy-first Infantry Regiment, 329

Shadle. Jacob, 440

Shaw, Charles W., 1658

Shaw, John, 151

Shaw, John W., 622

Shaw, Raleigh M., 1676

Shawneetown, 125, 173

Sheets, John M., 1288

Sheley, Laurence B., 1063

Shelton, William, 385

Shields, James, 527

Shoupe, Walter C., 1091

Shriner, Harvey W., 1255

Shryock, Henry W., 1214

Shull, John, 175

Shurtleff College, 383

Sims, Horace R., 885

Simpson, John C., 970

Simpson, S. S., 435

Sixth Cavalry Regiment, 333

Sixtieth Infantry Regiment, 329

Sixty-second Infantry Regiment, 329

Sixty-third Infantry Regiment, 329

Sizemore, M. Wilson, 1025

Skaggs, Charles P., 888

Skaggs, Pryor L., 889

Slack, William P., 753

Slade, Charles, 192, 444

Slade, James P., 435

Slater, W. Frank, 1005

Slavery in the Illinois country, 105

Slavery in the state, 150, 207, 247, 346,

434, 494, 525 Slocum, Rigdon B., 181 Sloo, Thomas, 164 Small, William M., 498 Smith, Decatur A., 891 Smith, Dudley C., 332 Smith, Egbert A., 1560 Smith, Frank S., 698 Smith, George W., 243, 312, 1714 Smith. Henry M., 1167 Smith, James, 121 Smith, James B., 1707 Smith. Joseph, 224 Smith. Randolph, 1269 Smith, Rozander, 547, 551 Smith, Sarah A., 1167 Smith, Theophilus W., 197, 202, 346 Smith, Thomas B. F., 1296 Fmith, Ulysses E., 722 Smith, Virginius W., 1305

Smith, Walter S. D., 994

Snider, Andrew L., 1404

Snoddy, Lewis O., 1599

Snodsmith, John, 1529

Snyder, Adam W., 222

Snyder, John, 68

Social life (early), 123

Soils, 10

Sondag, William, 981

Sons, Walter, 1633

Southern Collegiate Institute, 386

Southern Illinois College, 388 (illustra- tion)

Southern Illinois College — First building erected, 387; the "Herald of Truth," 388; college revived, 389; closed in 1870, 391

Southern Illinois high schools, 394

Southern Illinois Hospital for the In- sane, Anna (illustration), 543

Southern Illinois Milling & Elevator Company, 1696

Southern Illinois Normal University, 391, 395, 400, 401, 403, 405, 406 and 407 (illustrations)

Spanish-American War, 334

Spann, William A., 1554

Specie circular, 197

"Spectator," 344

Spencer, Thomas J., 402

Spiller, Adelbert L., 592

Spiller, William F., 803

Spivey, Allen T., 1215

Sprague, Daniel G., 176

Sprigg, Ralph E., 1465

Springfield selected as state capital, 204

Sprinkle, Michael, 469

Sproul, Alexander B., 857

Stahlheber, Charles, 1449

Staley, George A., 1639

Staley, Ulla S., 1635

"Star of the West," 344, 346

Starved Rock (illustration), 46

State Bank of Illinois, 166, 182, 194, 198, 200, 223

State capitals — Kaskaskia, 137; Vanda- lia, 139 ; Springfield, 204

State Normal University, 396

"State Policy," 236, 503

State Teachers' Association, 395

State Teachers' Institute, 396

Stead, W. H., 242

Steeker, Rudolph, 1053

Stelle, Thompson B.. 475

Stephenson, Benjamin, 124, 128

Stephenson, James W., 205

Stephenson, Thomas B., 954

Steward, Lewis, 340

Stewart, James C., 782

Stewart, Warren, 334

Steyer, Theodore, 516

Stilwell, C. D., 1279

Stirling, Thomas, 75

Stockade and blockhouses (about 1812), (illustration), 112

Stock certificate of Cairo City and Canal Company (illustration), 239

XXXIV

INDEX

Stone, 16

Stonecipher, John S., 1544

Stonefort, 540

Stookey, Vincent A., 840

Stotlar, Harry, 1495

Stout, Amos N., 1395

Stout, John B., 1476

Stratton, Charles T., 341

Stringer, Daniel W., 1553

Stringer, William M., 1051

Strong, Judson E., 828

Sullins, Thomas B., 1375

Sunnyside coal mine, Herrin (illustra- tion), 562

Supreme court building, Mt. Vernon (il- lustration), 490

Suspension bridge across the Kaskaskia, Carlyle (illustration), 444

Sutherland, Prior W., 498, 1710

Swanner, Francis A., 642

Sweitzer, John, 1145

Swift, Eben, 334

Swift, Hardy M., 1178

Sycamore near Mt. Carmel (illustration), 13

Taffee, John G., 850 Talley, Henry, 1151 Talley, Richard, 1149 Tamaroa, 515 Tanner, James M., 1647 Tanner, John R., 341, 343 Taylor, Harry, 1380 Taylor, Joseph H., 1385 Taylor, Robert M., 1381 Taylor, Samuel L., 1572 Taylor, S. Staats, 431 Taylor, Zachary, 115 Tecumseh, 25

Tenth Infantry Regiment, 326 Templeton, James S., 874 Templeton, Robert B., 1467 Terpinitz, Joseph E., 264 Terry, Henry, 684 Teutopolis, 459 Thacker, Francis B., 1408 Thebes, 431

Third Cavalry Regiment, 333 Thirteenth Cavalry Regiment, 334 Thirtieth Infantry Regiment, 327 Thirty-first Infantry Regiment, 327 Thirty-eighth Infantry Regiment, 328 Thistlewood, Napoleon B., 1551 Thomas, Benjamin F., 1668 Thomas, Jesse B., 109, 367, 527 Thomas, William W., 792 Thomason, John W., 1230 Thompson, Sam A., 1336 Thomson, William, 725 Thrash. William H., 1545 Throgmorton, Emmet F., 764 Tibbets. Albert S., 757 Tillson (Mrs.), John, 177 Timber, 12 Timber areas, 21

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" campaign, 220

Titus, William S., 1429

Tobacco field, Clay county (illustration), 441

Todd, John, 95, 100

Tohill, Noah M., 1406

Toler, Silas C., 329

Tolliver, Alsie N., 1276

Tomb of Gen. Alexander Posey, Shaw- neetown (illustration), 471

Tonti, 42

Tougas, Frank, 497

Tougas brothers, 547

Tourney's fort, 443

Towle, Herman T., 840

Towle, Joseph W., 839

Trainor, William E., 1426

Transportation — Early river boats, 353; Southern Illinois waterways, 354; pio- neer trails and roads, 357; government highways, 358; work of the state, 363

Trautmann, William E., 984

Treat, Cyrus P., 804

Trousdale, Fletcher A., 639

True, James M., 329

"Truth Teller," 445

Tufts, Charles D., 1359

Turkey Hill, 176

Turner, James W., 1238

Turner, J. B., 372

Tuthill, Lewis B., 724

Tuttle, Isaac R., 865

Twelfth Infantry Regiment, 327

Twenty-second Infantry Regiment, 327

Twenty-ninth Infantry Regiment, ' 327

Ullrich, William, 931

"Underground" railroad station, St. Clair county (illustration), 536

Union Block, 521, (illustration), 522

Union county — First settlers, 541; Jones- boro made the county seat, 542; the Willard family, 542; Colonel John S. Hacker, 543; vegetables and fruits, 544; minerals and mineral springs, 544; towns, 545

United States Bank, 197

University of Vincennes, 367

I'pton, David, 475

Valter, Peter J., 1356

Van Arsdall, Elmer, 1270

Van Cleve, M. T., 540

Vandalia, 139, 173, 463

Van Kirk. Samuel A., 671

Varnum, Benjamin B., 958

Varnum, James M., 100

Venerable, James E., 1122

Vernor, George, 1346

Vick, John W., 1015

Victor, William A., 1690

Vienna, 494

View of the Mississippi from Chester

water tower, 526 Villa Ridge, 523

Vincennes — Route to. 90; capture of, 93 Vise, Harvey C., 1311 Vise, Hosea'A., 593

INDEX

XXXV

Vogel, Henry, 1410 Vogelpohl, Henry F., 1268 Voris, Hardy C., 1196 Voyles, Lloyd F., 1585

Wabash county — Four Tougas brothers, first settlers, 547; the three block forts, 547; timber and saw mills, 549; milk sickness, 549; shif tings of the county seat, 549; aboriginal remains, 561; notes from nature, 561; tlie Wa- bash and Mount Carmel, 561; live stock raising, 561

Walker, Allen E., 1585

Walker, Cecil, 1430

Walker, D. Esco, 718

Walker, H. R., 833

Walker, Jesse, 178

Walker, Lindorf, 1102

Walker, Pinckney J., 833

Wall, James B., 1382

Wall mill, 530

Wall, William A., 754

Wall. William T., 864

Wallace, Coke B., 946

Wallace, Thomas L., 940

Wallace, William S., 971

Waller, Elbert, 1227

Walnut Hill, 503

Walser, C. R., 763

\Valser, Gaither C., 1619

Walters, Peter C., 1582

Ward, Adam, 1611

Ward, Francis M., 1082

Ward, George F. M., 1524

Ward, Guy C., 327

Ward, Harry B., 1394

Ward, Henry B., 1524

Ward, Julius H., 989

Ward, Robert R., 1001

Ward, Todd P., 1524

War of 1812, 111

Warren, Hooper, 344, 348

Warren, Willie E., 1611

Washburn, Benjamin L., 1076

Washburn, Cicero L., 1494

Washburn, John, 385

Washburne, Elihu B., 250

Washington county— County seat con- tentions, 552; Nashville finally se- lected, 553; court houses, 553; city of Nashville, 553; minor towns, 554

Wastier, Peter, 604

Waterloo, 511

Watson, Andrew, 1455

Wayne county — First settlers and events, 555; first county seat, 555; in the wars, 556; Capt. Thomas W. Scott, 557; Fairfield, 557; farm values, 557

Wayne county corn fields (illustration), 556

Weaver, James R., 1461

Weaver, Louis H., 1666

Webb, Byford H., 770

Webb. Isaac H., 1402

Webb, Henry L., 428

Webber, Andrew J., 1307

Weber, Mathias, 1686

Weber, T. C., 1688

Wehrenberg, Charles, 741

Weinel, August F., 1071

Welborn, George B., 1522

Wentworth, John, 251

West, Emanuel J., 346

Westbrook, Samuel (portrait), 539

"Western Emporium," 347

"Western Monthly Magazine," 347

"Western Observer," 348

Western Stage Company, 362

Wheatley, Reuben J., 921

Wheeler Brothers, 1548

Wheeler, Charles B. 1549

Wheeler, Charles W., 589

Wheeler, Fred L., 1550

Wheeler, Walter A., 1584

Whitcomb, Augustus L., 386

Whiteaker, Hall, 747

Whiteaker, Mark, 1328

Whiteaker, William J., 901

White, Horace, '256, 258, 265

White, Isaac, 559

White, James A., 1008

White, W. Thomas, 915

White county — Original physical fea- tures, 558; the county and its spon- sor, 558; early visitors, 559; Carmi, the county seat, 559; Enfield, 560; early-day wild pigeon roost, 560

Whitehead, Noel, 787

Whiteside, Samuel, 115, 185, 186

Whiteside, William, 115

Whiteside station (fort), 509

Whitley, Marion S., 1280

Whittenberg, Alonzo L., 1680

Whittenberg, Daniel W., 1681

Whittenberg, John S., 1680

Whittenbergs, 1679

Wiebusch, Alfred C. C., 960

Wiegmann, Louis, 1456

Wilcox. J. H. G., 507

"Wild Cat" banks, 245, 415

Wiley, William W., 771

Wilkins, John, 75

Will, Albert J., 587

Will, Conrad, 172, 482

Willard, Elijah, 205, 543

Willard, Jonathan, 542

Willard, Samuel, 167

Willard, Simon, 812

William County Fair, Marion (illus- trated), 563

Williams, Billy, 429

Williams, John C.. 1556

Williams, Walter W., 935

Williams, William Green, 483

Williams, William H., 1016

Williams, William M., 680

Williamson, Albert W., 649

Williamson, Thomas B., 1294

Williamson county — Last of Indians, 561; the Jordan brothers, 561; indus- tries, 562; Mexican and Civil war matters, 562; towns in the county, 564

XXXVI

INDEX

Williard, Willis, 543

Willis, Jonathan C., 791

Willis, William A., 1218

Wilson, Albert L., 937

Wilson, Alexander, 470

Wilson, Harrison, 471

Wilson, Henry, 1126

Wilson, J. C., 1648

Wilson, Lyman W., 1597

Wilson, S. J. Harry, 819

Wilson, William, 157

Wilson, William A., 1166

Wilson, William P., 1181

Wilson, William S., 912

Wing, Robert H., 806

Winnebago war (scare), 170, 183

Winter of the deep snow (1830-1), 182

Winthrop, Dempsey, 991

Wisehart, William, 1695

Woelrle, Francis R., 686

Wood, George H., 606

Wood, James N., 608

Wood, John, 146, 174, 256

Wooden pipe used at Equality Salt

Works (illustration), 472 Woodside. Edward E., 709 Woodworth, Abner P., 1281 World's Columbian Exposition (see

World's Fair) World's Fair, Chicago, 341 Wren, John, 538 Wright, Joel, 205 Wylie, Walter L., 1202

Yates, Richard, 251, 314, 343 Youngblood, Dewitt C., 1338 Young, George W., 1700 Young, John G., 1345

Zenia, 439, 441 Ziebold, George C., 1368 Ziebold, George W., 1366

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

CHAPTER I SOUTHERN ILLINOIS GEOLOGY

CIVILIZATION BASED ON GEOLOGY — GENERAL SCIENTIFIC PHASE — THE GEOLOGICAL ERAS — TABLE OP GEOLOGICAL TIME DIVISIONS — THE GLA- CIAL PERIOD.

It it a well known principle in educational processes that things are really known only as they are seen in their relation. Objects and sub- jects of study are wholly unexplainable when dissociated from one another. The physician who is called to the bedside of the fever patient no longer begins his treatment by making up large doses of medicine to reduce the fever, but proceeds to an examination of the blood of the patient for the presence of typhoid or other fever germs. If these are found his treatment is governed accordingly. This examination pur- poses to discover the cause of the illness; and the cause of the illness will in a very large degree determine the method of treatment.

Science, in general terms, is the knowledge of things in their rela- tion. No study in the school curriculum has been more thoroughly rationalized within recent years than have the geographical studies. Formerly we merely asked the child to give, in his answer to a question, the bare fact, never the explanation. The child learned that the Amazon is the largest river in the world. He was not asked to see the relation of the Amazon river to its drainage basin, nor to the equatorial calm belt, the trade winds, nor its relation to the Andes mountains. Hence the child acquired no causal or related knowledge. The pupil learned that rice is a product of Louisiana, not the reason that the state is adapted to that grain. He may have learned that Illinois is a great agricultural state, but he gets no hint of the relation of that fact to the geological structure, or the climatic condition of this great state. It may be the child was taught to recite glibly that the New England states are manu- facturing and commercial in their interests, but not that both facts are the result of geological formations.

In recent years we have been trying to give the children in our schools a body of facts that have causal relationship. In this way we appeal to their power to discriminate, to judge, and to reason. We thus lead the child to the acquisition of the power to solve many prob- lems for himself, and above all we lay the foundation for a form of

2 HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

scientific investigation which will lead the child in after years into a real scientific inquiry relative to the forces which from all directions so greatly modify his physical, mental, moral and spiritual life.

CIVILIZATION BASED ON GEOLOGY

"It is axiom in general application in geological science that there is an intimate relation existing between the physical geography and the geological history of every portion of the earth's surface; and in all cases the topographical features of a country are moulded by, and there- fore must be, to some extent at least, a reflection of its geological struc- ture. . . . More over, all the varied conditions of the soil and its productive capacities, which may be observed in different portions of our state, are traceable to causes existing in the geological history of that particular region, and to the surface agencies which have served to modify the whole, and prepare the earth for the reception and suste- nance of the existing races of beings. Hence we see the geological his- tory of a country determines its agricultural capacities, and also the amount of population which it may sustain, and the general avocation of its inhabitants."

The people of Arabia could not well be other than horsemen, herds- men, and dwellers in tents. It was altogether fitting that the shepherds of Judea should have been watching their flocks by night. What else could the early people of New England do so well as to fish for their living? It is no mystery that Southern Illinois should count among her population tens of thousands of native and foreign-born miners. How appropriate that central Illinois should raise corn, and hay and oats. It is as easy to explain why the people of western Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas should lead the life of the plainsman as to explain why the Scotch are a frugal, healthful, God-fearing people.

Reverting once more to the principle that things are known only in their relation, we may readily understand that the life of any people as a whole may be interpreted in a very large degree in terms of the geological structure of the region where that people lives. It is true that the casual observer may see that the people of central Illinois are agriculturalists because the lands are adapted to that occupation. Or that the people of the Rocky mountains are largely miners because there are many precious minerals in that region. But this understand- ing of these things is superficial and not in any sense scientific and hence not satisfying. He fails to see the vital relation between the particular calling a people may have and the peculiar geological for- mation of the region which lies at the base of that calling. The funda- mental, scientific explanation of a people's occupation is wrapped up in the geology of that people's land.

Nor does the geological history explain only the kind of occupa- tion a people may follow; but the social, intellectual, and spiritual life derives its character indirectly from the rocks, the hills, and the streams, or perchance from the presence of the great ocean. It is generally agreed that the explanation of the wonderful genius of the old Greek civilization was partly accounted for by the great number of physical units in mountains and valleys. The Greeks never attained to a great national life ; the geological facts were against such attain- ment. But what the Greeks lost in government and national political

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 3

life, they were more than compensated for in their enriched intellect- ual and spiritual life. Nowhere has beauty had such exponents as in Greece. Nowhere has the spirit of moderation been so wonderfully manifest. The wonderful language of the Greeks, their unparalleled sense of the beautiful, their charming spirit of moderation — may they not all be accounted for in the great variety of landscape, the well proportioned hills, the flowing valleys, the alternation of land and water? Be it so.

GEOLOGY (GENERAL SCIENTIFIC PHASE)

Geology is a science which has for its purpose the revelation of the processes by which the outer portion, or crust of earth, was brought to its present state or condition. It does not attempt to ac- count for the origin of matter, but assumes that the earth once "existed in a state of fusion," or in other words, that the earth was a globe of liquid fire. The radiation of heat from the surface resulted in the gradual cooling of the mass, and thus the first rocks were formed, just as rocks are now formed from molten masses that are poured forth from some of our great volcanoes.

It is the theory then that the outer surface of the earth was once a great mass of rock formed from the cooling of the outer portions of the liquid sphere. This outer crust became hard while the inner part of the earth was still in a molten condition. This hard crust of the earth formed from the cooled outer portions of the liquid mass is called igneous rock. As the cooling process continued, the layer of rock became thicker by the additions of inner portions, and the liquid mass has constantly decreased in size. As time went on the enclosing crust "crumpled" in its effort to conform to the liquid mass beneath. In the course of time water gathered in the depressions and the pro- jecting portions became our continents. Eventually the elevated portions began to disintegrate under the influence of rain and other agencies, and the detritus was transported by running water and de- posited in the lower levels. In the course of great stretches of time these deposits, which necessarily were in layer form, grew in num- bers until they now aggregate thousands of feet in thickness. These layers of rock formed under standing water are known as sediment- ary, or stratified rocks. We thus have two general classes of rock, igneous or fire rock, and sedimentary or layer rock.

Great convulsions of the earth have completely changed the orig- inal relation of these two kinds of rock. The igneous elevations have been worn down and in many instances have sunken under the sea, and the sedimentary areas have been upheaved and have produced our present continental forms. In such cases the sedimentary rocks are no longer lying horizontal as they were when first formed, but are found in all kinds of positions. In some instances the layers may be seen standing on edge. Again the upheaving force may have been less violent, and the layers may have been pushed up in long folds; a cross section of which would present a series of arches. A third form of upheaval resulted in pushing large areas straight up, the elevated area breaking loose from the surrounding areas thus presenting the fractured edges to view many hundreds of feet above the surrounding country.

4 HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

It must not be thought that there was much regularity in the orig- inal formation of the sedimentary layers. For these layers are not uniform in thickness, nor in extent. Often a layer will appear in one place while in large areas of adjacent territory that layer will not appear. This is accounted for by supposing that there were slight upheavals which pushed the given territory up while the surrounding areas were receiving other layer material. If a certain deposit was begun upon a foundation which was slightly inclined and the deposit continued for long periods, that layer would be thick on one side of the area and thin upon the other, even thinning to an edge.

These layers have all been studied and named, their life history written, and their relationships established. The individual layers have been brought into "groups" and named from the condition of life represented in the various layers. The time occupied in deposit- ing the layers in any named group, is sometimes spoken of as an era, while the sub-divisions of an era are known as periods. A brief de- scription of the eras will enable the reader to follow the descriptive matter with greater ease.

THE GEOLOGICAL ERAS

A

The Archeozoic Era includes the oldest stratified rocks, and these under ordinary circumstances would be found just above the oldest igneous formation. The word Archeozoic means beginning — that is the beginning of life. However, few life remains have been found in the layers of this era. So uncertain are the geologists about the iden- tity of life forms in this era that the word Azoic, which means with- out life, has been applied. The rocks of the Archeozoic Era are so in- terwoven with the igneous rocks that there is great confusion in the layers, and much uncertainty in identification obtains.

The Proterozoic Era rests directly on top of the archeozoic layers. The stratifications are much more easily determined in this era. Little if any signs of animal or plant life are to be found in these rocks and the term Azoic is also applied here.

The Paleozoic Era is the third in order, and lies directly above the Proterozoic. The word means ancient life — that is first life. The old- est forms of life appear in the rocks of this era. Since they are the oldest forms they would be by the evolutionary theory the lowest forms when structure is considered. Something like five hundred spe- cies of the fauna have been classified belonging mostly to the inverte- brates. Some plant life is also recognized.

The Mesozoic Era is fourth in order and lies just above the Paleozoic Era. The rocks of this group are so named because of the advanced stage of life represented, the word Mesozoic meaning middle life — that is life between the invertebrates and the higher forms of vertebrate life. The life found includes reptiles, amphibians, and mollusks, as well as the lowest forms of mammals, fishes, and birds.

And lastly we have the Cenozoic Era. The word means modern life or new life. This is the age of mammals. There now appears the fullest development of animal life including man. The poisonous gases have disappeared — largely consumed by the abundant growth of vegetation. The earth, and water, and air have become the fit habitation of the highest forms of fishes, birds, and mammals. This is the age in which we now live.

HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 5

"We thus see that we could simplify the classification by applying the four terms — Azoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic — No life, old life, middle life, and new life. Each era has been carefully analyzed and subdivided into what are called periods.

The following scheme will give the ideal which the geologist has con- structed.

TABLE OF GEOLOGIC TIME DIVISIONS

Eras Periods

f Present I Pleistocene

Cenozoic. . J Pliocene

I Miocene I Oligocene (_ Eocene

f Upper Cretaceous

Mesozoic J Lower Cretaceous

1 Jurassic t Triassic

C Permian

Coal Measures I Sub-Carboniferous Paleozoic •{ Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician I Cambrian

f Keweenawan

Proterozoic j Upper Huronian

(. Middle Huronian

( Laurentian Archeozoic j Lower Huronian

GEOLOGY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

The word "Periods" in the foregoing scheme is used to denote a certain amount of time consumed in the deposit of the various layers grouped under the several "periods." The word system is often used to name the group of rock layers formed in any period. The several systems are often sub-divided into an upper, middle, and lower, or into other divisions.

There are probably no rock formations in Southern Illinois older than those found in the Lower Silurian layers. "Just below Thebes, in Alexander county there is an exposure of about seventy feet of the upper part of this group, consisting for the most part of white and light bluish gray limestone, in layers two or three feet in thickness. It can be cut into any desired form and is susceptible of a high polish." This

6 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

same stone outcrops in Missouri near Cape Girardeau where it has been long extensively used, and where it is known as Cape Girardeau Marble. This is known as the Trenton limestone and is the lead-producing rocks of Galena. A representative of the Cincinnati group of the lower Silu- rian is found at Thebes in Alexander county — both sandstone and lime- stone. The former has been extensively used in foundation work in the city of Cairo.

The Upper Silurian group is known as the Niagara limestone and is represented in Union and Alexander counties. It is a cherty material and is recommended as an excellent product for macadamizing the public roads.

The Devonian system of rocks is represented in Southern Illinois. There is what is called the Clear Creek limestone found in Jackson, Union, and Alexander counties. It is a chert or impure flint, rather compact in texture, buff, light gray, or nearly white in color. The decomposed ma- terial forms a white clay resembling chalk. This deposit is known across in Missouri as the "Chalk bank." Some of this Clear Creek limestone has the qualities required for mill-stones and some good burr-stones have been made from this limestone. At the "Devil's Back Bone" at Grand Tower, at Bald Rock on Big Muddy and on Huggins creek in Union county, the stone has a beautiful grayish white color and takes a very high polish. This limestone is identified with the Oriskany sandstone of New York by the fossils found in each. The Devonian system is further represented by the ' ' Calico rock ' ' of Union county. This is almost iden- tical with the St. Peter's sandstone. The "Bake Oven" near Grand Tower represents the Onondaga group of New York. Black shale also belongs to the Devonian system. It is quarried in Union county under the name of Black slate.

The Lower Carboniferous system is also known as the Mississippian system. During this period of time the Mississippi basin was covered by the sea and certain sedimentary formations were in progress. The Kin- derhook group consisting of shales and limestones find outcroppings in Union, Hardin and Monroe. The Keokuk group of the lower carbonif- erous system is found in Monroe county. The Chester limestone lies like a great flat wedge — to the southward 800 feet in thickness, but at Alton only 20 feet thick. It outcrops in Randolph about Chester and in Pope county on the Ohio river.

The Upper Carboniferous system (coal measures) lies just above the lower carboniferous strata. It contains the great coal deposits which is so marked a geological formation of Southern Illinois. There are five produc- tive coal fields within the limits of the United States. The Southern Illi- nois field of some 37,000 square miles is the largest field found in any one state. Twenty thousand square miles of coal fields in Indiana and Ken- tucky, belong to the Southern Illinois field.

There is no doubt as to the origin of coal — at least it is certain it is of vegetable origin. Just as to the process of formation, the geologists are not agreed. The opinion is general that the vegetable matter had its origin where the coal layers are now found. At the time when the coal measures were first being formed the entire south end of the state was submerged, and after long periods there was a gradual emergence and then a submergence. During this period the coal measures were de- posited. The economic phase of the coal measures will be considered in a later chapter.

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 7

The Jurassic system is slightly represented in the area of Southern Illinois. Jurassic rocks have been found in the bluffs near Thebes in Alexander county. They are found up the Mississippi on the Illinois side as far as Grand Tower. These rocks are well represented on the Missouri side of the river. The older geologists thought that creta- ceous deposits could be identified along the Ohio, but later investiga- tions seein not to confirm the first impressions.

None of the first four systems of the Cenozoic Era is represented in Southern Illinois excepting some representative rocks of the Eocene group. These have been found in Pope, Massac, and Pulaski. Some clays and lignite have been found in Alexander county. But the Ple- istocene and recent or Post-Glacial formations are found in great abun- dance in Southern Illinois.

The Quarternary Period of the Cenozoic Era, as indicated above, ' ' embraces all the superficial material, including sands, clays, gravel, and soil which overspreads the old formations in all parts of the state. This last formation is the most important of all for it is of primary importance, economically considered, because it gives origin to the soil from which all our important agricultural resources are derived. ' ' The system of formations which are known to the geologists as Post- Tertiary are included in four divisions : Sands and clays ; drift clay and gravel ; loess ; and alluvium.

The sands and clays are the oldest layers and consist of beds of stratified yellow sand and blue clay of variable thickness. In the region of Perry, Washington, and adjacent counties there is what seems to be a blue mud, such as would accumulate in the bottom of a muddy pond. Beds of clay and sand have been found in other locali- ties in the sinking of shafts and in the digging of deep wells. It is thought that these formations extend quite generally over the state,

Above these stratified sands and clays we find several varieties of drift clays with coarse gravel and boulders of varying sizes which have been transported evidently from the region of the great lakes. These layers vary in thickness from twenty to one hundred feet, or more, and all are overlaid with beds of stratified gravel. The true Drift, which term is applied to all these formations, is not generally markedly stratified and yet the deposits or formations appear in beds of various thicknesses. "At Vandalia, in the bluffs of the Okaw, there is a good exposure of these formations, showing both the stratified and unstratified deposits. The unstratified drift-clays constitute the lower portion of the bluff, extending to the height of thirty-five or forty feet above the bed of the river at low water, and resting thereon about the same thickness of sand and gravel presenting distinct lines of strat- ification.

The third kind of formation resting upon the Drift is the Loess, a fine mechanical sediment that seems to have accumulated in a quiet lake or other body of fresh water, or to have been deposited by the action of winds from the south or southwest.

And finally we have the Alluvium, a rich deposit forming the bot- tom lands in rivers and smaller streams.

THE GLACIAL PERIOD

The Cenozoic Era is so recent and its history is so vitally related to the life of the human race that it will be quite proper to give a

8 HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

more extended account of the geological story of this period. The formations are discussed under the Tertiary and Quaternary Periods. The latter period is popularly divided into the Glacial and the Post- Glacial formations. These glacial formations have been so recent and the territory covered by the great ice sheets so extensive, that great interest attaches to this period.

In North America there seems to have been three great centers of glacial movement — one known as the Labrador ice sheet; a second called the Kewatin ice sheet ; and the third the Cordilleran ice sheet. The first sheet had its center of movement near the central point of the peninsula of Labrador; the second had its center near the western shore of Hudson Bay ; and the third moved from the Canadian Rockies. The ice sheet whose center rested on the Labrador peninsula is the one we are locally interested in. The movement from this center to the south, northeast and northwest soon reached the waters of the Atlantic and the Hudson Bay; but the movement to the southwest covered nearly the entire state of Illinois. The Labradorean sheet reached its extreme southern limit in Southern Illinois, some 1,600 miles from the point of departure. The advancing front in Illinois took on the form of a crescent and its extreme southern reach may be traced according to the most recent geologic surveys from Chester in Randolph county southeast through the southern side of Jackson, eastward through southern Williamson, east and northeast through southeastern Saline, northeastward to the Wabash through the north- west corner of Gallatin and southeastern White. This line marks the southern limit also of the prairie areas and is also coincident with the northern foot hills of the "Ozark Mountains" which trend east and west across the state through Union, Johnson, Pope, and Hardin.

Illinois was subject to at least four ice-sheet invasions according to the more recent investigations. These in order of time were : First, the Illinois sheet, which seems to have covered nearly the entire state. The portions not covered are known as the driftless or unglaciated areas. There are three of these — First, all the territory south of the southern end of the drift as traced above from Chester to the Wabash. This driftless or unglaciated region includes in part the counties of Jackson, Williamson, Saline, Gallatin, and White, and it includes in whole the counties of Union, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Alexander, Pulaski and Massac. There is a second driftless area of a few coun- ties in the extreme northwest corner of the state in the vicinity of the old lead mines. The third driftless area is found in the end of the peninsula formed by the Illinois and the Mississippi rivers including the counties of Pike and Calhoun.

The second invasion is known as the lowan sheet. It seems not definitely settled whether this sheet had its origin in the Labrador center or in the Hudson Bay vicinity. It seems to have moved south- eastward and left a "profusion of large granatoid boulders which lie chiefly on the surface and are somewhat aggregated into a boulder belt on the eastern border of the tract." One may see residences and other buildings, yard fences and ornamental structures constructed from these boulders in the towns near the boulder field. Such houses may be seen in the county of DeKalb and adjoining counties. The territory covered by this second invasion may be roughly enclosed by the Rock river on the west, Wisconsin on the north, Lake Michigan

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 9

on the east, and on the south by the parallel of the southerly bend of Lake Michigan.

The Third invasion is named the Earlier Wisconsin and covers the northeastern fourth of the state.

The Fourth invasion is known as the Later Wisconsin and borders the west shore of Lake Michigan, reaching out some fifty or sixty miles from that body of water. Here in Southern Illinois we are more interested in the first ice sheet since it is the only one that directly affects us.

No other single agent has been so potent in the modification of the surface of the earth as have glaciers and ice sheets. When we remember that these ice-sheets were hundreds and possibly thousands of feet thick, and were hundreds of miles in width and length, some adequate notion may be formed of their power to plow up and com- pletely change the surface structure of the earth.

The debris which they brought with them from the Laurentian mountains of Canada was distributed over Illinois greatly to the en- richment of the soils of our entire state. This material which eventu- ally became our soil in all the glaciated areas, was transported in sev- eral ways. Much of it was pushed along mechanically in front of the advancing ice-sheet, so that when the forward movement began slow- ing up this material was left scattered along in lines agreeing in gen- eral with the front of the advancing ice-sheet. Much material was carried along under the ice-sheet and was very generally ground and distributed over the glaciated area. Other material was carried on the ice-sheet and often deeply imbedded in it. When the movement was checked this superimposed material becoming heated under the warm rays of the sun worked its way through the ice and rested on the ground, the whole body of ice eventually melting.

Lastly. Vast quantities of material were carried by the streams which continually flowed from the melting ice. Much of this detritus was left on the broad flat prairies, but much was carried into the streams which overflowing their banks carried this material to right and left in the stream's valley where it was deposited as alluvium, previously mentioned.

The material which these glaciers brought into our state is called Drift. Its composition varies, but is usually clay, sand, and boulders. This drift is often found stratified, but more generally it is without definite layer formation. Further attention will be given to this mat- ter under the head of soils.

We come now to the last phase of the geology — the Human or Present Period. We must now see the earth as the home of man. Through untold ages the Creator has been gradually unfolding his plan to us, of filling the earth with plants, and animals, and last and most important of all — man. It must not be supposed that the forces which have been operating through all the geological ages have all run their courses and are no longer active and powerful. Many of these forces which were instrumental in producing the various stages in the geological history are still at work and will continue to work for untold ages. Among these we may mention the forces affecting the elevation and subsidence of the continental forms. The work done by running water has not ceased as we can easily see everywhere. The disintegrating power of alternations in heat and cold especially when accompanied by the presence of moisture is always going on.

We will now turn our attention to the resources which a wise Cre- ator has placed within the reach of the human race.

CHAPTER II RESOURCES OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

SOILS OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS — SOUTHERN ILLINOIS TIMBER — OUR COAL FIELDS — STONE, OIL AND GAS — SALT, LEAD AND CLAY — PRAIRIE AND TIMBER AREAS

Southern Illinois has three general kinds of soil, or rather there are three recognized sources of the soils of Southern Illinois. First, there are the various kinds of soils which were formed out of the stratified rocks by mechanical and chemical processes. Second, soils formed by the drift which overlies all the areas known as glacial areas, and third, the soils formed by the loess which was widely distributed over Illinois following the recession of the ice sheets.

The first is known as residual soil, because it is what is left after the decomposition of the sedimentary rocks in the unglaciated regions. The second is called the glacial soil because it is formed directly from the matter furnished by the glacial sheets. The third are called silt soils because the loess is of the nature of silt which settles from water or which might be sifted over a country by constant winds blowing from a dry and timberless region.

It is easy to understand the formation of the residual soils. At the end of the Upper Carboniferous Period the whole state was covered with the rocks of that period. If now we think of these rocks as being exposed to the sun's heat, the winter's cold, the action of water, freezing and thawing, and the chemical changes, we can understand that in the course of time a coating of soil would be formed. If the running water did not carry this new formed soil away it would lie where it was formed. It will also be easy to understand that as the coating of soil grew thicker the process of decay was less rapid, since the soil acts as a sort of blanket to prevent the agents of decomposition from reaching the undecayed rocks. Now this is exactly the soil making process that has been going on for hundreds of years in those portions of the state not covered by the ice invasions.

It will be readily seen that the character of the soil formed in this way will be determined by the nature of the rock deposits in different localities. In the three previously named areas, as driftless areas, namely, the extreme south end of the state, the regions about Galena, and the peninsula between the Illinois river and the Mississippi, the soil will be known as residual soil, except as it has been modified by the deposit of loess in larger or smaller quantities.

In these driftless areas the "soils show variations which correspond in a rough way with variations in the structure of the rocks from which

10

HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 11

they are derived. In regions underlaid by shale or limestones a more com- pact and adhesive soil is found than in sandstone regions, while each class of limestone has its own peculiar soil. With proper rotation of crops these soils constitute a fertile portion of the state, otherwise they become exhausted sooner than soils formed from glacial drift. ' '

. The character of the soils formed by the glacial drift varies also ac- cording to the nature of the transported material. Three general classes have been recognized. First, Stony or Glacial Clay soil. This soil is made from the weathered surface of the drift-sheet unaffected by water in its formation and not subsequently covered over with loess or silt. This class of soil is found in the ' ' corn belt ' ' north of the Shelbyville moraine. Second, we have the gravelly soils. This kind is found near streams, lakes, and in regions where lakes once existed. It is not of value except as a subsoil for loamy deposits. Third, sandy soils are found in the old beaches and along certain rivers. Mason county presents a very excellent illustration of this class of drift soils.

The loess soils are very widely distributed and are of three classes according to the degree of their perviousness to water. They are those readily pervious ; slowly pervious, and nearly impervious. The first is a characteristic soil in Southern Illinois. As it recedes from the Missis- sippi, the Ohio, and the Wabash it becomes of the nature of a white clay. Its chief ingredient is silica, and this soil is adapted to the raising of grains and fruits. This white soil is one of the first things that attracts people's attention who have been accustomed to the black soil of Cham- paign, Dewitt, and other corn counties, and they say, ' ' Why your soil is so poor, if is as white as chalk. " It is not necessarily the poor quality of the soil but the peculiar mechanical structure which allows the water of the rainy season to escape together with an extended drouth period from June to September that prevents Egypt from presenting an attrac- tive appearance in midsummer. Good illustrations of the slowly pervious silt soils are found in the regions of the lower Illinois river. The third class, almost wholly impervious silts are found in the uplands of "Egypt." This is the soil which has made Egypt famous as an apple producing region. Clay, and Marion, and Wayne and other nearby coun- ties find a mine of wealth in their orchards. A failure in the apple crop in these counties is not to be attributed to the soil but to the various forms of insect life which is baffling the orchardists of this region.

The loess soils of Southern Illinois are among our richest areas. Not because of the great amount of loess but probably because of the mix- ture of loess with either the residual soils or with the silt soils. The soil of the unglaciated region of Union, Johnson, Pope, Saline and Hardin is of a remarkable type. Bald Knob, near Alto Pass, a young mountain of some eight hundred or a thousand acres and something like 800 feet in height has a very rich soil. Even upon the very top, the soil is deep and of a rich brown color. Apples, peaches, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, grains and small fruits abound. This young mountain is a part of the Ozark range and was never glaciated. Mr. Rendleman who lives on the very summit of the Knob says the winds are continually bringing a rich silt up its long slopes and leaves it upon the top of the hill. And there are evidences that large quantities of loess have been deposited there. Throughout the Ozarks, especially on the south side of the range, the soil is very productive and all kinds of fruits and vegetables are pro- duced in abundance.

12 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

Alluvial soils abound in Southern Illinois. Alluvium, as we know, has been deposited by water. It is not different from the Residual, Drift, and Loess soils but a mixture of all. As the soil was forming the run- ning water was gradually transporting it to lower levels. This process the average school boy is familiar with. This alluvial matter has been left in the river valleys, in inland lakes and in ponds and on flat and un- drained prairies. The Great American Bottom which reaches from Alton to Chester, a distance of nearly a hundred miles by the windings of the river, and from five to nine miles wide, is the most remarkable alluvial deposit, outside of delta formations, in the United States. There are large areas of alluvial deposits along the Ohio river in the counties of Gallatin, Massac, Pulaski, and Alexander. The Wabash valley on the Illinois side has considerable alluvial areas. The small streams all have alluvial bottoms. The lands between the Embarras and the Wabash is alluvial. Such streams as the Little Wabash, the Saline, the Cache, the Big Muddy, the Kaskaskia, all have alluvial bottoms. In many localities this alluvial bottom land is worthless as water stands on it "the year round." The laws of Illinois provide for the organiza- tion of drainage districts and much of the land will be redeemed.

The soils of Southern Illinois have never been scientifically studied until within recent years. The State University has begun a regular soil survey and when this is complete there will be a revolution in methods of farming in "Egypt." The state has also established experimental farms in several counties of Southern Illinois where the farmers may see just how the soils in that region should be cultivated.

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS TIMBER

Although Illinois is called the Prairie State, in its early history at least twenty-five per cent of its area was covered with forests. These forests lay mostly in Southern Illinois. "There was no county en- tirely without timber, but the real forests were confined to the south- ern portion of the state. Many counties throughout this section pre- sented an unbroken forest, chiefly deciduous trees, rich in variety, and of a quality unsurpassed on this continent. The growth on the mar- gins of the smaller streams, areas between forks of creeks, or wher- ever protected from forest fires, including the "oak openings" peculiar to the broad rolling prairies, consisted largely of burr, black and red oaks.

The origin of the Prairies is accounted for on the theory that the forest fires kept down the young trees. In 1880 when a careful esti- mate was made of the timbered areas there was found only about 15 per cent of the entire area covered with timber. This loss is almost entirely due to marketing the merchantable timber in the southern part of the state where the production of lumber and cooperage stock has been an important industry for many years. Owing to the ex- haustion of the best grades of mature hard woods, the business has been rapidly diminishing, and as the present supply is chiefly on lands not available for cultivation, the remaining area is not liable to fur- ther encroachments.

The state is about four hundred miles from north to south. This corresponds with the distance from Norfolk, Va., to Boston, Mass. Within this distance of four hundred miles there grows as great a

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

13

variety of trees as is found in twice the distance from north to south in Europe.

An exhibit of the forest wealth of the state was made at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and the great variety of native growths was a wonder to our own citizens. There were twenty-four genera comprehending seventy-five species of indigenous woods rep- resented. Three kinds of Gum, fourteen kinds of Oak, four kinds of Hickory, two of Locust, four of Ash, five of Maple, and four of Elm were exhibited. In addition to these native woods there were shown nineteen genera of cultivated timber, including seventy-two species —

A SYCAMORE, TWENTY-EIGHT FEET IN CIRCUMFERENCE, NEAR MT. CARMEL, W ABASH COUNTY

making in all one hundred and fifty species of woods in the state at that time. A farm wagon was shown made of twenty-five different kinds of cultivated woods all grown on one farm in Lee county. It was reported that more cultivated woods were growing in the state than were exhibited. It is further stated that while the total area of timber has decreased probably the leaf surface has held its own and the beneficial influence of vegetation on climate, water supply, etc., has suffered no loss.

The oldest citizens tell of some of the methods of waste in the tim- ber supply. Often in alluvial bottoms where the timber had reached

14 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

considerable size it was customary to clear up the underbrush and then with axes cut deep rings around the trunks of the large trees left standing. Often a belt of bark a couple of feet wide would be removed. This was done in the late fall or at latest in the winter. In the spring when the surrounding forests put forth a wealth of verdure the girdled trees stood leafless. This allowed the sun to reach the ground and thus crops of corn or tobacco were raised. In the fol- lowing winter the thrifty farmer cut down his dead trees, cut the trunks into saw logs and had them sawn into material for a barn or a house. The brush and rougher trunks were burned and the second year he had only the stumps to contend with.

The shiftless farmer allowed his trees to stand for several years often building fires about the bases of the dead trees which were eventually consumed entire. Others would cut the trees down and cut the trunks into certain lengths. When this work was done a "Log-rolling" was announced. Scores of men would come to the log- rolling. Often the women would also come and assist the good house- wife in preparing the noon meal or engage in quilting, or tacking carpet rags. The men divided themselves into squads of ten to twelve. Each squad elected a captain and chose up. Hand spikes were pro- vided and when all was ready the logs were lifted and carried to the pile. These piles often contained eight to twelve logs, ten to sixteen feet long. They were set on fire on the very top of the pile, the fire burning downward. In this way the farmer got rid of his trees but he burned up hundreds of dollars worth of good lumber. It is no uncommon thing in this day to see in Southern Illinois large alluvial fields in which the trees have been girdled, the trunks still standing, having been partially consumed by fire.

Saw mills were plentiful forty and fifty years ago, but now they are few. The best timber in Southern Illinois was used up to supply the first railroads with bridge and framing material. Tens of thou- sands of beautiful young trees were taken for piling. In recent years the walnut, oak, hard maple, and a few other growths have been cut for furniture. Hard wood finish in residences has been popular and the price of good oak flooring for such use is now from five to eight dollars per hundred feet.

Nothing so well represents the rapid disappearance of our best Southern Illinois timber as does the establishing of "tie preserving plants" in several of our cities. Fifty years ago when railroads began to thread our state the builders would have nothing but the best white oak ties. Now there is no longer a supply of timber for this grade and the railroads are under the necessity of providing sub- stitutes. This is done by introducing a scientific process by which ties of the common woods are rendered longlived.

Arbor Day, which the law recognizes, has, through the public schools, done much and will do more toward creating public sentiment favorable to the conservation of our forests. And it is building up an aesthetic taste in the planting and cultivating of flowers, shrubs, and cultivated trees. Since the advent of concrete and steel in con- struction there is no longer the great need of timber that there was in the early days.

HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 15

OUE COAL FIELDS

Nothing has brought Southern Illinois more material prosperity than has the coal deposits within her limits. Coal was known to exist about Belleville, and on the Big Muddy, probably as early as 1826, or possibly earlier. Governor John Reynolds built a railroad from the bluffs near Belleville across the American Bottom to the Mississippi in 1837. He says: "I had a large tract of land located on the Mis- sissippi Bluffs, six miles from St. Louis, which contained inexhaustible quantities of bituminous coal. This coal mine was the nearest to St. Louis of any on this side of the river." In 1835 the legislature of Illinois granted a charter to the "Mount Carbon Coal Company." "Hall Neilson and his associates, successors, and assigns" constituted the company. In 1836 Mr. Neilson, who lived in New York city, adver- tised the "Mount Carbon" property for sale. The property was fully described. The mines were located near Brownsville, the capital of Jackson county, thirty miles from the Mississippi river in a bluff adja- cent to the Big Muddy river. The seam of coal is described as six to seven feet thick, "mines easily, in large blocks, and does not crum- ble or form much slack or dust." Each hand could mine and deliver on the wharf one hundred bushels a day. Wages were $10 to $15 per month. It was figured that the coal could be put on the barge at two cents per bushel. "For several years past coal has sold in New Or- leans, during the winter season, at 37 y2 cents to 62y2 cents per bushel. The supply at New Orleans is derived from Pittsburg and Wheeling. Mount Carbon is only half as far away and the quality of the coal decidedly better." Mr. A. B. Waller of Washington, D. C., visited this mine in the interests of a prospective purchaser and reported that the coal had been mined back from the face of the bluff about fifty feet and that ' ' the quality of the coal is superior to any bituminous coal I have ever seen, except perhaps the Cumberland."

Although the presence of coal in Southern Illinois was known from the early '30s, little was done or could be done toward developing this resource until railroads became an established fact. The only way of transportation prior to 1854, when the Illinois Central was completed, was by river. A few mines were opened in the vicinity of the rivers, but the only use for coal in the interior was for black- smithing, and even in this instance charcoal was very generally used. The first engines used on the railroads burned wood. The railroads have been the most direct factor in opening up the coal mining busi- ness in Southern Illinois. The Illinois Central reaches the coal fields in Jackson, Perry, Washington, and Marion. The Mobile and Ohio reaches the mines of Jackson, Randolph and St. Clair. The Chicago and Eastern Illinois serves the mines in Johnson, Williamson, Frank- lin, Jefferson, and Marion. The Big Four passes through the counties of Johnson, Saline, White, and Wabash. The Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern reaches the mines in Gallatin, White, Marion, Clinton, and St. Clair. In addition to these five more extensive railroad sys- tems, there are several short independent lines which act as feeders to these five larger roads.

The whole state is divided into ten mining districts of which four are located in Southern Illinois. In the Seventh District are the coun- ties of Bond, Clinton, Madison, and Marion. The Eighth District

16 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

contains the two counties of Randolph and St. Glair. The Ninth Dis- trict includes Franklin, Gallatin, Jefferson, Perry, Saline, and White. The Tenth District comprises the counties of Jackson and Williamson. The total output from these four districts in 1911 was 25,000,000 tons. The supply of coal is of course not inexhaustible as was formerly thought. The area of the coal field in Southern Illinois is in round numbers about 6,000 square miles or 3,800,000 acres. It is estimated that one square mile will produce 1,000,000 tons of coal for every foot in thickness of the seam. Dr. David Dale Owen estimated the entire thickness of the twelve coal seams of Southern Illinois at thirty-five feet. Each square mile then would produce 35,000,000 tons, estimat- ing that all the coal could be mined. But it is liberal to say we mine only about eight feet of this thirty-five. There are then only eight million tons available per square mile. Not over three-fourths of this estimate is removed, making only about six million tons per square mile. Our annual production runs about twenty-four million tons for Southern Illinois. This gives the result of an annual consumption of four square miles, and our coal will last 1,500 years.

STONE, OIL, AND GAS

No other portion of the state is so rich in stone, oil, and gas. The geological formation has already been given, but it will be necessary to repeat some facts in dealing with these resources.

The two general classes of rock which are economically valuable are the sandstones and the limestones. The chief use made of these stones is for building purposes. Limestone is burned into lime in many localities in Southern Illinois. And probably in some a fair grade of cement is manufactured, but there are no noted instances. Crushed lime- stone has been extensively used as ballast for railroad beds, and as the foundation for the macadamizing of the public highway. In many places along the railroads, stone crushers have been erected and quite an industry built up. In the larger towns and cities of Southern Illinois there has grown up the spirit of permanent improvement and many cities are paving the streets. This is usually done by establishing a grade setting curbing of sandstone or of concrete and then placing on the grade crushed limestone to the depth of four or five inches upon which is placed a coating of sand and paving brick, or finer crushed stone and some "bonding" material of a bituminous nature. Another economic use made of the limestone is that of constructing building blocks of crushed stone and cement. This same material is used as above indi- cated for curbing. Then there is a rather recent use of crushed lime- stone in the construction processes, namely : The use of concrete in railroad culverts, archways, retaining walls, and in the construction of walls of great buildings, the floors, stairways, and foundations. Fence posts, gate posts, and watering troughs are some recent innovations on the farm, of the concrete material. It has also been used as flooring in dairy barns, livery stables and for the bottom and sides of grain bins.

But perhaps the most far reaching and important use made of lime- stone is the use the farmers are making of it as a fertilizer. The soils of Southern Illinois are what the agricultural chemist calls sow. That is, there is a large quantity of humic acid in the soil which renders the

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 17

soil unfit for the production of most agricultural products. This humic acid is found wherever there have previously been large accumulations of vegetable matter, resulting in what the chemist calls humus or vege- table mold. Under the leadership of the College of Agriculture of the State University, the farmers are now applying crushed limestone to their soils in quantities ranging from 800 to 1,000 Ibs. per acre. This crushed limestone is attacked by the humic acid in the soil and new chemical combinations formed which provide the needed foods for the growing crops. One may see carloads of crushed limestone upon the siding of the railroad tracks in the villages and towns of Southern Illinois. If one will watch for a day or so he will see the farmers com- ing with their wagons prepared to haul, and distribute this material over their farms.

The state has done much to assist in the investigation of the value of this crushed lime when applied to the sour farm lands of this end of the state. An experiment station has been established at the Southern Illinois State Normal University and experiment farms are located at several points within our territory. To lessen the cost of procuring this crushed limestone the state furnishes it from the penitentiary at Chester almost free of charge, the farmer paying the freight.

Lime is burned in many portions of Southern Illinois where lime- stone deposits are found. Large quantities of lime have, in previous years, been made in the vicinity of Alton. In fact, from Alton to Cairo, along the bluffs, there are outcroppings of limestone and in many localities lime has been burned. It is said the best quality of lime is produced near Prairie du Rocher. The limerocks about Chester and in Union county are used for the manufacture of lime. St. Clair county has an abundance of limestone and quantities of lime are burned and some cement made. Near Falling Spring, in the southwest part of St. Clair, a high grade white lime has been manufactured. It is said lime was burned near Alton as early as 1815, by collecting large logs into a heap, piling thereon the limerock. When the logs had been burned the limestone had been converted into lime. Shipments in barrels be- gan in 1847.

Fine qualities of limestone for building purposes and for lime are found in Pope and Hardin. In Johnson county building stone, both limestone and sandstone for ordinary building purposes, is found in abundance. Sandstone of a very excellent quality is found in Jackson county on the Illinois Central Railroad, four miles south of Carbon- dale, at a small place known as Boskydell. Here quarries were opened as early as 1855. In the construction of the Southern Illinois Normal University, large quantities of this brown sandstone were used. About the same time or perhaps shortly previous, the present capitol at Spring- field was in process of building. The reputation of the Boskydell brown sandstone had become so general that the building commission author- ized the use of the Boskydell sandstone in the great columns on the north, east, and south of the great capitol, while the trimmings on the fronts are of the same stone. The capitals and cornices are from the white sandstone quarries of Grand Tower in Jackson county. In 1883, a Mr. Rawles, a stone merchant in Chicago, purchased these Boskydell quarries and installed about forty thousand dollars worth of modern machinery, including steam drills, saws, hoisting machines, dressing machines, a gravity railroad from the quarries to the Illinois Central

Vol. I—t

18 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

Railroad, and other modern machinery. Cut stone was sent into all the great cities and for a time was used extensively, but the presence of numerous deposits of iron and the lack of uniformity in color, worked against the general use of this stone and the quarry was abandoned and the machinery rotted and rusted away.

The discovery of gas in Southern Illinois occurred at Sparta in 1888. Some progressive citizens organized a company for the purpose of prospecting for natural gas. The first well put down, struck gas at a depth of 848 feet in a bed of light grey porous sand. The pressure was strong and steady. A new company was organized and began boring in earnest. In 1894 there were twelve wells producing gas and supplying four hundred domestic fires besides a number of manufac- turing establishments. The total production per year when the wells were at their best was eight million cubic feet. It is estimated that the equivalent of the fuel capacity of one ton of coal is twenty-three thousand cubic feet of gas. This would give a saving in coal per year of three thousand five hundred tons in the Sparta gas field.

In addition to the wells sunk by the company mentioned above, there were many wells sunk by private parties. The gas was known as the "sweet" or "petroleum" gas which to many was a sure sign of the presence of oil in this region. Since 1894 the wells have weakened and in many there is little or no pressure, and no recent borings have been made. The total number of wells bored was twenty-two. The territory covered by the borings was less than two square miles.

SALT, LEAD, CLAY, ETC.

The earliest travelers and explorers discovered traces of salt in va- rious places in Southern Illinois. There can be little doubt that the Indians were accustomed to either evaporate or boil the salt water which was found in the form of springs. The most noted place in Southern Illinois where salt was manufactured in an early day was on the Saline river in Gallatin county near the present town of Equal- ity. On the Big Muddy in Jackson county near the old forgotten town and county seat of Brownsville. In several places in Madison, Monroe, and probably in Bond and in some of the Wabash river counties salt was made, not on any great scale but for local market. The making of salt at Equality was such an extensive industry that its description has been given in a separate chapter.

In 1856 a town was laid out by the county surveyor a mile or so north of the present city of DuQuoin. It has never grown to any size. In 1857 an iron and coal mining company was organized and engaged in coal mining until 1867 when W. P. Halliday of Cairo purchased the stock of the company. In 1870 in boring into the lower strata to de- termine the value of the coal layers there, at the depth of 940 feet salt water was discovered. At this time the great salt works at Equality were not being well managed, and Mr. Halliday saw his opportunity. In 1873 he put in a complete plant costing several thousand dollars for the manufacture of salt. Additional wells were sunk and the work was extensively carried on. At the time of their greatest prosperity the works turned out 150 barrels per day. The product was shipped south mainly. By 1890 the production had begun to decline, though they continued to operate for ten years, but for the past few years the works

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 19

have been abandoned and ere long the spot that knew a thriving industry will be marked by old foundations and rusting machinery.

Lead is found in such apparently inexhaustible quantities in the territory west of the Mississippi river, that the few traces of lead found in Southern Illinois seem very insignificant. However, we ought never despise small beginnings. Lead was known to exist in the northwest corner of the state in a very early day. Mining began about 1827. These mines in their palmy days produced about one-fifth to one-fourth of the output of the world. In 1845 the mines were at their best and from that date to the present the production has greatly diminished.

In 1839 lead was discovered in the digging of a well on the farm of Mr. James Anderson one mile below Rosiclare on the Ohio river in Hardin county. In 1842 Mr. William Pell discovered spar and lead about three-quarters of a mile back of the river at Rosiclare. Com- panies were organized and a number of "diggings" opened. As many as nine shafts were opened for the mining of lead. In going down, the shafts pass through beds of fluor spar to a distance of ninety feet. The lead mines were operated with small or no profit, and in 1851 the "diggings" were abandoned. In several other places in Hardin county lead has been discovered, but not in quantities which would justify an attempt to produce it for the market. Traces of lead have been found in other counties, but no diggings have been opened.

The clays of Southern Illinois will yet prove of great value, but up to the present time no industries on a large scale have been established to develop the clay resources, except for the manufacture of brick. The various uses of the different kinds of clays found in Southern Illinois are the manufacture of common red brick, fire clay brick, paving brick, terra cotta, drain tile, sewer pipe, crocks, jugs, jars and finer queensware.

Common red brick are manufactured in great quantities in all sec- tions of the state. In the early days the home-made bricks were used for outside as well as for inside work. In many towns in this territory the older brick buildings show the old fashioned hand made brick, but in the better class of business houses as well as in modern Brick resi- dences they use "pressed brick." These have been manufactured in large quantities in the penitentiary at Chester, the hand made products being used for inside walls and for "filling."

Fire brick clay is often found closely associated with the seams of bituminous coal in this section. Throughout Randolph county there are two deposits of fire clay, one at a depth of 70 or 80 feet and another at the depth of 120 feet. The same layers of fire clay are also found in St. Clair county. In four oil borings in the Sparta oil field, fire clay was found at a depth of 125 feet. The layer was found to be from two to eight feet thick. Some fire clays are found in Johnson, Pulaski, and Pope counties.

Paving brick are manufactured in Murphysboro and in Albion. The demands for paving brick are beyond the supply furnished by these two paving brick plants. At Albion a second company has been or- ganized, and is working its way into the favor of municipalities where paving improvements are going on.

Drain tile clay is not of a very high grade in Southern Illinois and no large factories have attempted its manufacture into drain tile. Local factories have sprung up here and there, but usually of short life. No sewer pipe is manufactured in this territory.

20 HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

Potter's clay has been found and small factories have engaged in the making of jugs, crocks, and jars in Anna and in Metropolis, and in McLeansboro, and probably in other localities. But all these industries are gone and only dilapidated sheds and rusting machinery are left.

It may not be generally known that Southern Illinois has rich beds sf a very high grade of clay suitable for the manufacture of porcelain wares. These fine clays are found in the region of the Ozark hills. In the World's Fair exhibit, in the Illinois building, were "some very pretty dishes of Vhite and decorated faience, made of clay and silica, from Union county — the only articles of white table-ware ever made out of purely Illinois materials. The following is the chemical analysis furnished by the Rostrand Porcelain Works at Stockholm, Sweden. The first sample was taken from the clay pit, Mountain Glen, Union county. This clay is called Ball Clay :

Silicic acid 57.71%

Titanic acid trace

Alumina 32.75

Oxide of iron 1.93

Lime 53

Magnesia 19

Potash 96

Soda 24

Water and organic matter 11.69

Total 100.00

Another analysis made by Harold Almstrom of earthly silica from the mine of the Chicago Floated Silica Company in Union county, is as follows :

Silicic acid 97.82%

Alumina and oxide of iron 1.08

Lime 50

Water and organic matter 42

Alkalies and loss 18

Total •. 100.00

Samples of clay from Pope county are very similar to the two above samples. Some very fine samples of queensware have been made from the Pope county clays.

It has been stated that the deposits of fluor spar found in Hardin and Pope counties are the only ones found in the United States. But there are said to be traces in Kentucky. At Rosiclare, a little village on the Ohio river in Hardin county, just where this county joins Pope, there are apparently inexhaustible quantities of this mineral. It is found in connection with lead ores and with silver. It is sometimes free and presents the most beautiful tints of blue, yellow, red, and green. Two or more companies are now operating in this locality. The spar is used for various purposes, but chiefly as a reducing agent or flux in the reduction of ores. It is shipped from the mines by way of the Ohio river.

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 21

PRAIRIE AND TIMBER AREAS

Nothing in the New World was more interesting to the Europeans than the broad prairies. In 1817 Governor Edward Coles, then a young man, when returning from a diplomatic mission to Russia stopped in France and in England. He was a Virginian but he had traveled through the west, and had himself been greatly charmed by the broad, rich prairies. The French and the English never tired of his beautiful descriptions of the prairies. Among those who were charmed by his story of the western prairies was Morris Birkbeck who was a very prosperous tenant on a large estate in England. Mr. Birkbeck came to America and settled the City of Albion in Edwards county. In later years when England's prince of letters, Charles Dickens visited Amer- ica he was anxious to see a prairie. His wish was gratified as the reader will understand by reference to his Notes on America.

The French who of course were the first Europeans to reach the Mississippi valley, were amazed at the great sweeps of timberless areas and they immediately applied the French term prairie, without change in the spelling, to designate these meadowlike regions. The word was first applied by Hennepin and later by other French writers. The term was first used to describe the "bottoms" or valleys adjacent to the rivers and bounded on opposite sides by the ' ' bluffs. " As a proof of this we need only to study the early French names, as : Prairie du Chein, Prairie la Forche, Prairie la Crosse, Prairie du Pont, and Prairie du Rocher. Nor is this application of the term scientifically inap- propriate for it is shown by Professor Leo Lesquereux that the for- mation of the prairies of central Illinois was identical in character with the formation of the bottom lands along the Mississippi and other similar streams. It is said the English had no name for that peculiar formation which we call prairies, because they had no such formation.

"These are the gardens of the Desert, these The unshorn fields, boundless and beautiful, For which the speech of England has no name."

— Bryant.

It is said that it was a very difficult thing to convey to the mind of the unimaginative Englishman any adequate conception of the great prairies of America.

When our forefathers came originally to the Illinois country, they found about one-fourth of it timbered and about three-fourths timber- less or prairies. The early settlers designated the largest treeless area the "Grand Prairie." Its location corresponds almost exactly with a great divide or watershed which separates the drainage of the Missis- sippi from the drainage into the Ohio. It reaches from the north- western side of Jackson county through Perry, part of Williamson, Washington, Jefferson, Marion, Fayette, Effingham, Coles, Champaign, and Iroquois, crosses the Kankakee river and extends to the southern end of Lake Michigan. Another extensive prairie region extends from Kankakee county west and northwest, crosses the Illinois river and oc- cupies a very large part of the territory between the Illinois and the Mississippi rivers.

The origin of the prairies has been a debatable question for many

22 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

decades. Three general theories have been advanced to account for their existence at the time of the coming of the earliest settlers into the limits of this state. One explanation, and that one is not an at- tempt to account for the soil formation, but merely to account for the absence of the trees, is that the great prairie fires Which annually swept over the "grand prairie" effectually kept the trees from making enough headway to withstand the destructive flames. And there can be no doubt that these annual fires were a sufficient explanation of the treeless condition of the prairies to the unscientific settlers. But there are two other explanations both approaching the subject from a scientific standpoint.

Professor Whitney holds to the theory that the treeless prairies have had their origin in the character of the original deposit or soil formation. He does not deny, in fact admits, the submersion of all prairie lands formerly as lakes and swamps ; but he holds that while the lands were so submerged there was deposited a very fine soil which he attributes in part to the underlying rocks and in part to the accumu- lation in the bottom of immense lakes, of a sediment of almost im- palpable fineness. This soil in its physical and probably in its chem- ical composition prevents the trees from naturally getting a foot-hold in the prairies.

Professor Lesquereux holds to the theory simply stated that all areas properly called prairies were formed by the redemption of what was once lake regions and later swamp territory. He points out that trees grow abundantly in moving water but that when water is dammed up it always kills trees. The theory held by Professor Lesquereux is that standing water kills trees by preventing the oxygen of the air from reaching the roots of the trees. He further shows that the nature of the soil, in redeemed lake regions, is such that without the help of man trees will not grow in it. But he further shows that by proper planting the entire prairie area may be covered with forest trees.

As rich as was the soil of our prairies, the first immigrants seldom settled far out on these treeless tracts. Most of the early comers were from the timbered regions of the older states and felt they could not make a living very far from the woods. Coal had not come into use and wood was the universal fuel. There was a wealth of mast in the timber upon which hogs could live a large part of the year. Again our forefathers had been used to the springs of the hill country in Ken- tucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, and they did not think they could live where they could not have access to springs. An early comer back in the thirties rode over the prairies of central Illinois and then entered a hundred and sixty in the timber and here he cleared the land and opened his farm.

CHAPTER III INDIANS AND PREHISTORIC PEOPLES

GREAT INDIAN FAMILIES — THE ILLINOIS INDIANS — GREAT CHIEFS — EVI- DENCES OP PREHISTORIC PEOPLES — THE CAHOKIA MOUNDS — IMPLE- MENTS, POTTERY AND PICTOGRAPHS.

There were several tribes of Indians occupying the Illinois country when the French first came into the territory. It is stated that there were few Indians west of the Mississippi river when the continent was discovered. Of course such statements must be taken with limitations. The Indians of Mexico and territory to the north numbered many thou- sands. Evidently there were few in the region afterwards made into the states of Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, and what we call our northwestern states. The Indians whose homes were east of the Mississippi, began in a very early day to move into the west, and in this way we of the later years are accustomed to think of these western Indians as having long occupied the land. The number estimated as living east of the Missis- sippi at the coming of the whites is stated at 250,000 ; and they were scattered rather uniformly over the country from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.

They maintained the tribal form of government — that is, they had a chief, and prominent warriors, who, upon certain occasions, met in council and decided upon war, or peace, or upon other general questions. The Indian race was an indolent, thriftless people. They had an in- definite notion of a future life. In their natures "they were ruthless and revengeful, narrow minded and brutal, dissolute, selfish, gluttonous, polygamous and lustful." Surely this is a pretty strong indictment against them. They lived in temporary shelters called wigwams, and provided their sustenance by hunting and fishing chiefly. Among some tribes there was carried on an indifferent cultivation of the soil. The work in tilling the soil was done by the squaws and the old men, the young braves considering it beneath their dignity to work.

GREAT INDIAN FAMILIES

Those who have given considerable study to the Indians have grouped them first into great ' ' families, ' ' the grouping being based upon their language. Then these families are subdivided into "confeder- acies" and these into "tribes." The Algonquin family occupied the territory north of the St. Lawrence river and the lower lakes, around the upper lakes and along the Mississippi, eastward along the Ohio river into the Chesapeake bay. The Iroquois family occupied what is now the state of New York and parts of adjacent states. They were completely

23

24 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

surrounded by the Algonquins. The DaKota (or Sioux) family, was located in the territory north of the Wisconsin river and west of the Mississippi river. These are the chief families with which Illinois his- tory is concerned.

THE ILLINOIS INDIANS

The Indians found in Illinois by Marquette and Joliet, belonged to the Algonquin family. There was undying hatred between the Iroquois and the Algonquins. The Illinois Indians were therefore in constant dread of the attacks of the Iroquois.

The Illinois Indians formed a sort of loose confederacy of six or more tribes, known as the "Illinois" confederacy. The following tribes constituted the "Illinois" confederacy: The Metchigamis; the Kaskas- kias ; the Peorias ; the Cahokias ; the Tammarois. In addition, there were the Piankashaws, the Weas, the Kickapoos, and Shawnees and probably other tribes or remnants, who sojourned on Illinois soil for longer or shorter periods. The first five of the above named tribes were probably all who ought to be counted in the "Illinois confederacy."

The Metchigamis were found along the Mississippi river, having originally come from west of the Father of Waters. They sojourned in the vicinity of Fort Chartres and were the objects of earnest missionary effort on the part of the Jesuits. They also lived in the vicinity of Lake Michigan, to which they gave their name. They were allies of Pontiac in his war of 1764, and perished with other members of the Illinois confederacy, on Starved Rock in 1769.

The Kaskaskias originally were found along the upper courses of the Illinois river, and it was among the members of this tribe that Mar- quette planted the first mission in Illinois. They moved from the upper Illinois to the mouth of the Kaskaskia river in the year 1700, and founded there the ancient city of Kaskaskia, which eventually became the center of French life in the interior of the continent. From the year 1700, when the tribe numbered about six or eight thousand souls, to 1800, the Kaskaskias occupied the territory around the village of Kaskaskia. It is said the Tamaroas and the Kaskaskias were united into one tribe in the first part of the nineteenth century under Chief John Baptiste DuQuoin, who was a personal friend of General Washington. Their numbers were greatly reduced, and there was constant friction between these two remnant tribes and a branch of the Shawnees who lived east of the Big Muddy in Saline and Gallatin counties. A final bloody battle was fought by a pre-arrangement on the land now owned by L. D. Throop, three miles southwest of Frankfort, in Franklin county, in 1802. The battlefield was well marked for many years and white men have lived continuously in the immediate vicinity since 1802, and the account of the battle needed only to pass from the pioneers of 1800 to the present living generation. The Kaskaskias were forced west- ward to the Big Muddy when the slaughter continued until the Kaskas- kias were all killed or captured. This is sometimes called the battle of Battle Creek. The spot is at the crossing of the Big Muddy river by the road from the town of Frankfort, in Franklin county, to DuQuoin, in Perry county. In after years the Kaskaskias remained on a reserva- tion on the lower Big Muddy, whence they removed to the Indian Territory.

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 25

The Cahokia and the Tamaroa tribes remained in the region of what is now St. Clair, Clinton, and Payette counties, up to the close of the eighteenth century, when they were merged with the Kaskaskias under Chief John DuQuoin.

The Peorias made their home in the region of Lake Peoria and were a quiet and peaceable people. They never in any way affected the life of the people in the south end of the state.

The Piankeshaws were a small tribe of the Miami confederacy. They first resided in southeastern Wisconsin. When La Salle and Tonti founded their empire at Starved Rock, the Piankeshaws were a part of the Indian population. When this enterprise failed the Piankeshaws moved to the region of the Wabash river. They were in the region of Vincennes when Gen. Clark captured that post from the British in 1779. It is said that the Piankeshaws were among the best friends the early settlers had among the red men. They were eventually moved to a Kansas reservation and thence to the Indian Territory. Mr. Walter Colyer, of Albion, has gathered up a large amount of material concern- ing this tribe which sojourned for a few decades in Southern Illinois.

The Kickapoos came into Southern Illinois in the early part of the nineteenth century. It is said the first time they ever acknowledged the authority of the United States was in a treaty made at Edwardsville, Illinois, in 1819. The Kickapoos seemed to scatter in their settlements, some residing in the Sangamon country, some on the Embarras, and some on the Kaskaskia. They eventually moved to Kansas and from there they drifted to the southwest.

In this connection it is proper to say a word or two about some noted individual Indians who had to do with the early history of Southern Illinois.

GREAT CHIEFS

When George Rogers Clark came to Kaskaskia in 1778, the Ottawa chief, Saguinn, or Blackbird, was temporarily sojourning in St. Louis. Clark desired to have a conference with him since Blackbird had a wide reputation throughout the west as one of the most powerful and saga- cious Indians of the Mississippi region. Blackbird was not at St. Louis at the time Clark sent for him, but had returned to his tribe on the upper Illinois river. The chief hearing of Clark's desire to confer with him, came voluntarily to Kaskaskia, where he held a long conference with General Clark. He obtained from General Clark the real issues in the conflict, and when ready to depart told General Clark that he sym- pathized with the Americans and would so tell his people. It is said of him that he remained a faithful friend of the Americans.

Tecumseh, a chief of the Shawnees, was the most noted Indian in all the west, unless it may be that Pontiac was more widely known. Tecum- seh had in mind the forming of a confederacy of all the Indians in the west for the purpose of resisting the encroachment of the whites. He had a twin brother called the Prophet, whose home in 1811 was at a village on the Tippecanoe creek, where it empties into the Wabash. In the summer of 1811, Tecumseh left the cares of state in the hands of his brother, the Prophet, and journeyed into the south for the purpose of securing the support of the Indians in that section. On this journey Tecumseh came from the Prophet's town diagonally across Southern

26

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

Illinois to the Mississippi at Fort Massac or Cairo. In passing through Williamson county he was seen by settlers among whom was John Phelps. The chief had with him twelve warriors, and passed along the Shawneetown-Kaskaskia trail to a point about where the city of Marion now is, and then he turned south along the trail which passed over the Ozarks through Buffalo Gap and thence south to Fort Massac or Cairo. Mr. Phelps talked with Tecumseh and while he was badly scared, he reported the great Indian as a very approachable and well disposed person.

A third Indian of prominence was the Tamaroa chief, Jean Baptiste DuCoign, formerly alluded to. He was a very old and respected Indian at the time of the bloody engagement of his tribes with the Shawnees in 1802. He had during the lifetime of Washington, visited the president,

By courtesy of Hon. Theodore Rlaley.

PREHISTORIC RELICS FROM WABASH COUNTY

who had presented him with a medal for some service the chief had ren- dered, and this the chief wore with great pride. He was a halfbreed and Reynolds says had two sons, Louis and Jefferson, both of whom were drunken, worthless fellows. Chief DuCuoin had been converted to the Catholic faith and at his death was buried at Kaskaskia by the church at that place.

Probably the most noted Indian who ever came into the territory of Southern Illinois was Pontiac, the famous chief of the Ottawas, and the moving spirit in the great "Confederacy of Pontiac." After many months of fruitless effort in trying to prevent the British from taking

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

27

possession of the territory ceded by the French to the English at the close of the French and Indian war, a final treaty was agreed to at Oswego, New York, and Pontiac, broken in spirit and fortune, repaired to St. Louis, where he may have thought he could head another rebellion against British occupation of the territory west of the Alleghanies. In this conspiracy he hoped to have the support of St. Ange de Belle Rive, late commander of the French post at Kaskaskia. After lingering sev- eral days in St. Louis he crossed over the river, against the advice of friends to the old French village of Cahokia. Here a drunken revel was in progress and here the noted chief was murdered. Reynolds says he was stabbed to death by a Peoria Indian in the pay of the British. Moses

By courtesy of Hon. Theodore Risley.

PREHISTORIC RELICS FROM WABASH COUNTY

says he was tomahawked by a Kaskaskia Indian hired by one William- son, an English trader. His body lay in the streets of Cahokia until the arrival of St. Ange de Belle Rive, who took the body to St. Louis, where it was given decent interment.

EVIDENCES OF PREHISTORIC PEOPLES

There are so many evidences of a prehistoric life in the Mississippi region that it is now agreed by all archeologists that there was a life of considerable advancement in civilization in the Mississippi valley, and adjacent territory, long before the coming of the Indians, who were here at the coming of the Europeans. It is the purpose here to call attention briefly to some of the existing evidences of that prehis-

28

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

toric life, and thus awaken if possible an interest in this most charming subject. Southern Illinois is rich in prehistoric materials. Many of these materials have been collected and are in the keeping of individ- uals or of institutions, or perchance of the state or national govern- ment.

One of the most obvious of the evidences of an early people is the great mounds, usually called "Indian mounds" by the general public. They are found in nearly all, if not all, of the counties of Illinois bor- dering the Mississippi, the Wabash, and the Ohio. The most noted perhaps of all these mounds are the Cahokia mounds situated some five miles northeast of the city of East St. Louis. One of these, the largest, is known as Monk's Mound, and in the vicinity are scores of others of lesser size, but thought to have belonged to a great system of such structures in the ages past

THE CAHOKIA MOUNDS

The great mound referred to above, is called Monk's Mound from the fact that in an early day in the nineteenth century, a colony of

MONK'S MOUND, A NOTED MOUND OF THE STRUCTURE OP THE MOUND BUILDERS' TYPE NEAR EAST ST. Louis

Trappist monks founded a settlement on this mound which flourished for some time but later went to decay and the project was abandoned. This mound covers some sixteen acres of ground and is situated in Sec. 34, T. 3, N. R, 9, west of the 3d P. M. It is 102 feet high and is some- what triangular in general form. It has at intervals been visited by scientific men since the year 1800. No very thorough examination has really ever been made of this mound. Some years ago the owner of the land tunneled in some fifty feet but found nothing but some bits of lead. But in digging a well on one edge of the mound many bones and other evidences of a departed people were found. The mound is now owned by a Mrs. Ramey, who places a very high estimate upon the ground occupied by this mound. A Mr. D. I. Bushnell of St. Louis is said to have offered $10.000 for eighteen acres including the mound, but Mrs. Ramey 's estimate of its worth was $100,000 — quite a valuable piece of ground.

In 1907 Mr. Clark Me Adams, son of the Hon. William Me Adams,

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

29

archeologist of Alton, Illinois, read a paper before the State Historical Society in which he gave an extract from a letter from the Rev. Fr. Obrecht, abbot of the Trappist Monastery at Gethsemane, Kentucky, which throws much light upon the story of the Trappist monks who occupied the Monk's Mound in the early years of the past century. The story as given by Rev. Obrecht, briefly told, is as follows : Two Trappist Fathers, Urbain and Joseph seeking a favorable place for a settlement were offered 400 acres of ground by M. Jarrott on the Ca- hokia river. At first the offer was rejected, but after a time the offer was renewed and accepted. There were about thirty-five people in the colony. They built twenty or more small buildings on one of the

By courtesy of Hon. Theodore Risley

PREHISTORIC RELICS FROM W ABASH COUNTY

smaller mounds. One of these buildings was the church, the whole hav- ing an attractive appearance from a distance. Father Urbain doubted the title to the 400 acres of land given them by M. Jarrott, so he went to Washington and secured from Congress a confirmation of the grant. In digging for the foundations to their buildings, they found many evidences of a former people. It does not appear that any buildings of importance were erected on the largest mound, but evidently some structures were erected there and its sides and top were cultivated. In 1811 to 1813 a pernicious fever lingered in the colony, carrying off more than half of the Trappist colony as well as many members of the settlements in the upper end of the "American Bottom." In the early spring of 1813 the colony fled from the plagued spot.

30 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

A traveler who visited the Monk's Mound colonists in 1811 or 12 says the bluffs to the east of the mounds appear to be one vast cem- etery. Professor William McAdams in 1882 made an excavation at the foot of Monk's Mound at the northeast corner and unearthed a hun- dred pieces of pottery. A student of archeology has estimated that the community that built these mounds was not less than 150,000 or 200,000 strong.

Other mounds are found in the vicinity of Monk's Mound. A very beautiful mound called Emerald mound is found two and a half miles northeast of Lebanon in Madison county. It covers about two acres of ground and is some forty or fifty feet high. Mounds are found in Alexander county along the Ohio river. A few are to be seen in the eastern part of the state along the Wabash.

IMPLEMENTS, POTTERY AND PICTOGRAPHS

A second evidence of a prehistoric race is to be found in a large class of stone tools or implements. These are in the forms of axes, hammers, and edged tools. Then there are those implements that were evidently for warfare. This class of articles are made from the flints and the hardest stones. Ceremonial stones of various forms have been found plentifully in Southern Illinois. Mortars and pestles are numer- ous. Pipes of all designs exhibiting great ingenuity in construction have been dug from mounds and burial places.

A third evidence of a prehistoric people is to be found in quite a variety of copper objects found in mounds, and buried here and there where excavations have been made. The objects have been found in the form of axes, knives, spears, arrow points, and objects used for personal adornment — beads, earrings, and bracelets. Copper kettles, needles and trays have been found.

The fourth argument in favor of the idea that there was a race here prior to the coming of the Indians may be stated, based upon the amount and character of the objects wrought in clay. It is known that potter's clay of a very high grade is found in many localities in Southern Illi- nois. It is a theory that the region known as the American Bottoms was the center of all this prehistoric life, and that" people from the copper region around Lake Superior, and those from the localities on the Dela- ware, where great clay deposits are found, and those from the barren, rocky region of Labrador and from the home of the cliff dwellers in the southwest all congregated, as some think, about the erreat Monk's Mound for a sort of national feast or other form of gathering, political, social, commercial or religious. In this way the various articles which are found about these great mounds may have been brought into this territory. In England and in parts of Germany and Denmark, there are known to exist the original sites upon which were held trading fairs to which people from all over the civilized world came with their wares and their coins.

Nothing reveals the fact that these prehistoric peoples had attained a high stage of civilized life more certainly than does the character of the pottery which has been found in many localities. Near the old salines in Gallatin county there can yet be picked up broken pieces of pottery which are fragments of very large clay vessels. These large clay vessels were evidently used in the manufacture of salt — the theory being that these large clay vessels were filled with the briny water which, under the in-

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

31

fluence of the sun and the wind, evaporated leaving the incrustations of salt behind. These fragments are from vessels which were from two and a half to three feet in diameter. This would give us vessels that would hold from twenty to forty gallons.

These specimens of pottery all show peculiar systems of marking on the exravex side while the inner surface is always smooth. The simplest

PlCTOGRAPH FOUND ON THE BLUFFS OF THE ILLINOIS RlVER IN PlKE

COUNTY

form of marking is the simple checks making meshes from half inch to one inch square. These peculiar markings are accounted for by the the- ory that the vessel was made inside of a wicker frame work and when the vessel was burned the markings of the wicker work were left. Gallatin

INDIAN BUFFALO PAINTED ON A BLUFF IN JOHNSON COUNTY

county seems to be rich in this class of prehistoric material. A. M. Rich- ardson of Shawneetown has a very fine collection of pottery, most of which is in a good state of preservation. Mr. McAdams speaks of seeing two whole pans of pottery used in salt making in the salines near St. Gene- vive, Missouri, that were serving the purpose, when dug up, of a coffin for a child. These pans were of the form of an ordinary bread pan,

32 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

some three feet across and six or eight inches deep. The dead child had been placed in one pan and the other pan inverted above it and the two thus arranged, buried.

A fifth evidence of a prehistoric race is found in what archeologists call pictographs. These were found in various places in this state. The buffalo shown in the accompanying cut, the writer had the pleasure of examining on a bluff in the Ozarks at? the crossing of the Paducah branch of the Illinois Central railroad. The Piasa bird from its perch upon the rocks near Piasa creek looked out upon the Father of Waters for ages unnumbered before the first white man made its discovery. The tradition of the painting has faded from the memory of the oldest in- habitant. Other carvings upon rocks in various sections of the state can be accounted for only by the supposition that an older race than the Indian once occupied this territory.

CHAPTER IV DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS

CLAIMANTS TO AMERICA — MARQUETTE AND JOLIET — THE TRIUMPHS AND DEATH OP LASALLE — His BRAVE LIEUTENANT, TONTI

Four European nations established well merited claims to territory in the northern continent of the New World. These were in order, Spain, England, France and Holland. These nations of western Europe all followed up their original discoveries and eventually formed perma- nent settlements and established their civilization in the territory thus occupied.

CLAIMANTS TO AMERICA

The English based their claim to territory in the New World upon the supposed discovery of two Italian seamen, John and Sebastian Ca-

MAP SHOWING THE ROYAL GRANTS TO VIRGINIA, CONNECTICUT AND

MASSACHUSETTS

bot, who were at the time in the employ of Henry VII. These discover- ers are supposed to have traced the Atlantic coast from New Foundland to the Carolinas. It was upon these discoveries by the Cabots that Eng- land based her claim to that part of North America which lay inland

VoL I— J

33

34 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

from the coast thus traced. Thus Illinois is in the territory claimed by. England, and in the Charter of 1607, granted by James 1 of England, Illinois was included in the territory belonging to the London Company. In later years the English kings granted strips across the entire conti- nent, known as "sea to sea" grants. It thus came about that Illinois fell in the grant to Virginia in 1609, and a portion of the state as it is today fell in the grant to Connecticut, and a portion to Massachusetts.

The Spaniards settled the Floridas, Texas, Mexico, and Central and South America. They discovered the lower part of the Mississippi river under the leadership of Ferdinand DeSoto in 1541. The Spanish held all west of the Mississippi as a trust for France from 1762 to 1800, when it was ceded back to France, who sold it to us in 1803. During this pe- riod Illinois was held by England and the United States.

The Dutch occupied the Hudson river valley as early as 1613 and eventually became a prosperous and contented people. They were con- quered by the English in 1664 and from that date forward we hear nothing of the Dutch in America except as individuals or families here and there.

But the French settled in the valley of the St. Lawrence and in the region of the Great Lakes, and their relation to the early history of Illi- nois is very important indeed. In the year 1534 Cartier came into the St. Lawrence, and in 1541 attempted a settlement where afterward the city of Quebec was located. But the rigor of a Canadian winter was too severe for the French and the attempt was abandoned in the spring of 1541. We hear nothing more of the French in the valley of the St. Law- rence until the coming of Champlain in 1608. In that year or the next the foundations of the future city of Quebec were laid.

Champlain allied himself with the Algonquin Indians, and out of this alliance came an undying hatred of the Iroquois Indians toward the French. These Canadian Indians were accustomed to make warlike in- vasions into the country occupied by the Iroquois Indians. Champlain accompanied the Algonquins on one of these warlike expeditions in the summer of 1609. Lake Champlain was discovered by the great French- man, and the adjoining territory explored. When the allies were ready to return to Quebec they were attacked by the Iroquois and a severe bat- tle was fought. This was the first time the Iroquois had ever seen or heard a fire arm and great fear possessed their souls. This incident ap- parently not a very important matter, was far-reaching in its conse- quences. It determined that the New York Indians should be implaca- ble foes of the French. It further determined that the movements of the French into the territory of the west should be by the Ottawa river and the northern side of the great lakes, and not down the Ohio river — the most natural route from lower Canada to the Mississippi river.

Champlain was far-seeing and patriotic. He saw that the influence which the Jesuit and Recollet priests would have upon the Indians would greatly assist France in the conquest of the wilds of the New World. In 1615 Champlain returned to France and succeeded in enlisting in his cause a number of priests of the Recollet order. The French authorities in the new world afterwards called to their assistance the more vigorous Jesuits and now the real onward movement toward the interior began. Mission posts were established along the lakes as far west as Green Bay. Missionaries were coming and going and the geography of the interior

HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 35

was becoming better known every year. Champlain was at the head of a company that had been chartered by Louis XIII, and no small amount of commercial enterprise was carried forward under his direction. He gave direction to the fur trade and to the planting of missions. After more than a quarter of a century of most unexampled activity in the cause of his country, his king, and his religion, Champlain laid down his burdens, and bade adieu to the scenes of his life-work. He died in 1635.

Following the death of Champlain, the hostile attitude of the New York Indians was renewed. "Seldom did a single year pass without some hostile incursion or depredation upon the settlements from Que- bec to Montreal." From the death of Champlain to 1649 there was a period of marked inactivity in everything except possibly the work of individual priests. In 1649 and for five years, death and destruction reigned supreme. A treaty was effected between the French and the Canadian Indians on one side and the Iroquois on the other, and New France took on new life.

On June 14, 1671, a congress of representatives of all the tribes around the great lakes was called at Sault Ste. Marie. Seventeen tribes sent representatives. Sieur St. Lusson was sent by the governor of New France to present the cause of the king. Fifteen Frenchmen, including priests, traders, and government representatives, were present. After much feasting and other exchange of courtesies, St. Lusson made "the formal announcement that he did then and there take possession of Lakes Huron and Superior, and all the countries contiguous and adja- cent thereto and southward to the sea, which had been or might hereafter be discovered, in the name of the king of France."

From this date forward a new spirit of interest was infused into the government side of the westward movement. Reports were frequently coming from priests, traders, and others of the existence of a great river to the westward, and that in the region of this great river there were great stretches of prairies, over which roamed the buffalo and hundreds of smaller animals. These interesting stories had also been told by Indians whose home was in the vicinity of the great river.

MARQUETTE AND JOLIET

Among those who seemed to hear definite information relative to this unexplored region along the Mississippi Marquette was foremost. He had conversed with the Indians from the upper territory of the great river. He had in his heart to visit this territory, and had even mastered the tongue of the Illini. His purposes coming to M. Talon, intendant of New France, that official, who was now ready to return to France after many years of faithful service in the province, selected one Joliet to ac- company Marquette on the proposed expedition of discovery and ex- ploration.

Marquette was born at Laon, France, in 1637. He had inherited from his parents great religious fervor. He was a Jesuit, and was sent to America in 1666. He had traveled throughout the whole extent of the territory from the Lake Superior region to Quebec. He had en- deared himself to the Indians, had learned completely their modes of life, their language, and their susceptibility to religious instruction. He was without doubt the most earnest, humble, and self-sacrificing priest who worked among the North American Indians. His qualifications of

36

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

head and heart fitted him to work in the three-fold capacity of interpre- ter, explorer and missionary.

Joliet was a native of New France, having been born at Quebec in 1645. He was educated for the priesthood but in early life abandoned that profession to engage in the vigorous life of a man of the world in

MARQUETTE AMONG THE INDIANS

business and adventure. He is said to have still retained much sympa- thy for the Jesuits, whose ranks he had deserted, and this may be the reason he was selected to accompany Marquette on the journey of ex- ploration.

Joliet was directed by Frontenac to proceed to Mackinaw where he would be joined by Father Marquette who would represent the church on the expedition, as Joliet would the government. While Joliet was

HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 37

the official representing the French government, Marquette claimed a higher and holier mission.

December the 8th is the day of the celebration of the feast of the Immaculate Conception as kept by the Catholic church. It was on this day, December 8, 1672, that Joliet reached the mission of St. Ignace on the straits of Mackinaw, on his way to find the great river. Marquette in writing this part of the story, says :

"The day of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin, whom I had always invoked ... to obtain of God the grace to be able to visit the nations on the River Mississippi, was identically that on which M. Jollyet arrived with orders of the Counte de Frontenac, our Governor, and M. Talon, our intendant, to make this discovery with me. I was the more enraptured at the good news, as I saw my designs on the point of being accomplished, and myself in the happy necessity of exposing my life for the salvation of all these nations, and particularly for the Illinois . . . who had earnestly entreated me to carry the word of God to their country. ' '

The preparations were indeed very simple. They consisted in pro- viding some Indian corn and dried meat. This was the entire stock of provisions with which they started. They left St. Ignace with two bark canoes and five French voyageurs, May 17, 1673.

The prospect before both Joliet and Marquette was such as greatly to buoy them up, one looking forward to the conversion of the Indians, the other to the conquest of more territory for his king. They rowed with a hearty good will and stopped only when night forced them to pull to shore. Their course lay along the northern shore of Lake Michi- gan bearing toward the southwest.

Marquette says:

' ' Above all, I put our voyage under the protection of the Blessed Vir- gin Immaculate, promising her, that if she did us the grace to discover the great river, I would give it the name of Conception; and that I would also give that name to the first mission which I would establish among these new nations, as I have actually done among the Illinois."

The expedition reached Green Bay about the first of June, 1673. Here Father Marquette preached to the Indians. These Indians tried to dissuade him from his undertaking, but nothing would now turn him from his purpose of visiting the Illinois country. At the head of Green Bay was a mission planted, probably, by Father Allouez in 1667. To this mission they paid a short visit and proceeded up Fox river. At an Indian village on the Fox river the travellers were received by the warriors of the Kickapoos, the Mascoutins, and the Miamis. A short conference was held. Marquette says he was pleased to find here a large cross standing in the middle of the village. Here the travellers asked for two guides to take them across the portage to the Wisconsin river. The guides were cheerfully furnished.

On June 10, 1673, Marquette, Joliet, and the five Frenchmen, and two Indian guides began the journey across the portage. They carried their two canoes as well as their provisions and other supplies. The portage is a short one, Marquette says three leagues long. It was full of small lakes and marshes. When the guides had seen the travellers safely over the portage, they returned to their own people. There were left here the seven Frenchmen with an unknown country ahead of them, but they were filled with the high resolve of finding the Mississippi and of visiting the Illinois Indians.

38

HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

June the 17th their canoes shot out into the broad Mississippi. The voyagers were filled with a joy unspeakable. The journey now began down the stream without any ceremony. Marquette made accurate observations of the lay of the land, the vegetation, and the animals. Among the animals he mentions are deer, moose, and all sorts of fish, turkeys, wild cattle, and small game.

Somewhere, probably below Rock Island, the voyagers discovered footprints and they knew that the Illinois were not far away. Mar- quette and Joliet left their boats in the keeping of the five Frenchmen and after prayers they departed into the interior, following the tracks of the Indians. They soon came to an Indian village. The chiefs re- ceived the two whites with very great ceremony. The peace pipe was smoked and Joliet, who was trained in all the Indian languages, told them of the purpose of their visit to this Illinois country. A chief responded

Drawing by Timothy Ladd, White Hall. Illinois.

THE PIASA BIRD AS DESCRIBED BY MARQUETTE

and after giving the two whites some presents, among which were a calu- met and an Indian slave boy, the chief warned them not to go further down the river for great dangers awaited them. Marquette replied that they did not fear death and nothing would please them more than to lose their lives in God's service.

After promising the Indians they would come again, they retired to their boats, accompanied by 600 warriors from the village. They de- parted from these Indians about the last of June and were soon on their, journey down the river.

As they moved southward the bluffs became quite a marked feature of the general landscape. After passing the mouth of the Illinois river, they came to unusually high bluffs on the the Illinois side of the Mis- sissippi. At a point about six miles above the present city of Alton, they discovered on the high smooth-faced bluffs a very strange object, which Marquette describes as follows:

As we coasted along the rocks, frightful for their height and length, we saw two monsters painted on these rocks, which startled us at first, and on which the boldest Indian dare not gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat like a man's, the body covered

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 39

with scales, and the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of the body, passing over the head and down between the legs, and ending at last in a fish's tail. Green, red, and a kind of black are the colors employed. On the whole, these two monsters are so well painted that we could not believe any Indian to have been the designer, as good painters in Prance would find it hard to do as well; besides this, they are so high upon the rock that it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint them. This is pretty nearly the figure to these monsters as I drew it off.

In an early day in Illinois, the description of these monsters was quite current in the western part of the state. So also was a tradition that these monsters actually inhabited a great cave near. (This tradition described but a single monster and but a single picture.) The tradition said that this monster was a hideous creature with wings, and great claws, and great teeth. It was accustomed to devour every living thing which came within its reach ; men, women, and children, and animals of all kinds. The Indians had suffered great loss of their people from the ravages of this monster and a council of war was held to devise some means by which its career might be ended. Among other schemes for its extermination was a proposition by a certain young warrior. It was to the effect that upon the departure of the beast on one of his long flights for food that he would volunteer to be securely tied to stakes on the ledge in front of the mouth of the cave, and that a sufficient number of other warriors of the tribe should be stationed near with their poisoned arrows so that when the bird should return from its flight they might slay the monster.

This proposition was accepted and on a certain day the bird took its accustomed flight. The young warrior who offered to sacrifice his life was securely bound to strong stakes in front of the mouth of the cave. The warriors who were to slay the beast were all safely hidden in the rocks and debris near. In the afternoon the monster was seen returning from its long journey. Upon lighting near its cave, it discovered the young warrior and immediately attacked him, fastening its claws and teeth in his body. The thongs held him securely and the more the mon- ster strove to escape with its prey the more its claws became entangled in the thongs.

At a concerted moment the warriors all about opened upon the mon- ster with their poisoned arrows, and before the beast could extricate itself, its life blood was ebbing away. The death of the dreaded monster had been compassed.

The warriors took the body of the great monster and stretching it out so as to get a good picture of it, marked out the form and painted it as it was seen by Marquette. Because the tribes of Indians had suffered such destruction of life by this monster, an edict went forth that every warrior who went by this bluff should discharge at least one arrow at the painting. This the Indians continued religiously to do. In later years when guns displaced the arrows among the Indians, they continued to shoot at the painting as they passed and thus it is said the face of the painting was greatly marred.

Judge Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville, Illinois, a prolific writer and a man of unimpeachable character wrote in 1883 as follows :

I saw what was called the picture sixty years since, long before it was marred by quarrymen or the tooth of time, and I never saw any- thing which would have impressed my mind that it was intended to

40 HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

represent a bird. I saw daubs of coloring matter that I supposed exuded from the rocks that might, to very impressible people bear some re- semblance to a bird or a dragon, after they were told to look at it in that light, just as we fancy in certain arrangements of the stars we see ani- mals, etc., in the constellations. I did see the marks of the bullets shot by the Indians against the rocks in the vicinity of the so-called picture. Their object in shooting at this I never could comprehend. I do not think the story had its origin among the Indians or was one of their superstitions, but was introduced to the literary world by John Russell, of Bluff Dale, Illinois, who wrote a beautiful story about it.

The bluff has long since disappeared from the use of the stone for building purposes.

As Marquette and Joliet passed on down the river they passed the mouth of the Missouri which at that time was probably subject to a great flood. When considerably below the mouth of the Kaskaskia river they came to a very noted object — at least the Indians had many stories about it. This is what we know today as the Grand Tower. This great rock in the Mississippi causes a great commotion in the water of the river and probably was destructive of canoes in those days.

On they go down the river past the mouth of the Ohio, into the region of semi-tropical sun and vegetation. The cane-brakes lined the banks, and the mosquitoes became plentiful and very annoying. Here also probably in the region of Memphis they stopped and held councils with the Indians. They found the Indians using guns, axes, hoes, knives, beads, etc., and when questioned as to where they got these articles, they said to the eastward. These Indians told the travelers that it was not more than ten days' travel to the mouth of the river. They proceeded on down the river till they reached Choctaw Bend, in latitude 33 degrees and 40 minutes. Here they stopped, held a conference, and decided to go no further.

They justified their return in the following manner :

First, they were satisfied that the Mississippi emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, and not into the Gulf of California, nor into the Atlantic ocean in Virginia. Second, they feared a conflict with the Spaniards who occupied and claimed the Gulf coast. Third, they feared the Indians of the lower Mississippi, for they used firearms and might oppose their further progress south. Fourth, they had acquired all the information they started out to obtain.

And so, on the 17th of July, 1673, they turned their faces homeward. They had been just two months, from May 17, to July 17, on their jour- ney. They had traveled more than a thousand miles. They had faced all forms of danger and had undergone all manner of hardships. Their provisions had been obtained en route. France owed them a debt of gratitude which will never be fully paid. Indeed not only France, but the world is their debtor.

Nothing of interest occurred on their return journey until they reached the mouth of the Illinois river. Here they were told by some Indians that there was a much shorter route to Green Bay than by way of the upper Mississippi and the Wisconsin and Fox portage. This shorter route' was up the Illinois river to the Chicago portage and then along Lake Michigan to Green Bay.

Marquette and Joliet proceeded up the Illinois river. When pass- ing by Peoria lake they halted for three days. While here Marquette

HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 41

preached the gospel to the natives. Just as Marquette was leaving they brought him a dying child which he baptized. When in the vicinity of Ottawa, they came to a village of the Kaskaskia Indians. Marquette says there were seventy-four cabins in the village and that the Indians received them kindly. They tarried but a short time and were escorted from this point up the Illinois and over the Chicago portage by one of the Kaskaskia chiefs and several young warriors.

While in the village of the Kaskaskias, Marquette told the story of the Cross to the natives, and they were so well pleased with it that they made him promise to return to teach them more about Jesus. Marquette and Joliet reached Green Bay in the month of September, 1673. Probably they both remained here during the ensuing winter. In the summer of 1674, Joliet returned to Quebec to make his report to the governor. On his way down the St. Lawrence, his boat upset and he came near losing his life. He lost all his maps, papers, etc., and was obliged to make a verbal report to the governor.

Father Marquette remained in the mission of St. Francois Xavier through the summer of 1674, and late in the fall started on his journey back to Kaskaskia. The escort consisted of two Frenchmen and some Indians. They reached the Chicago portage in the midst of dis- couraging circumstances. The weather was severe and Father Mar- quette, sick unto death, was unable to proceed further. On the banks of the Chicago river they built some huts and here the party remained till spring. During the winter Father Marquette did not suffer for want of attention, for he was visited by a number of Indians and by at least two prominent Frenchmen.

By the last of March he was able to travel. He reached the Kas- kaskia village Monday, April 8, 1675. He was received with great joy by the Indians. He established the mission of the Immaculate Con- ception of the Blessed Virgin. Seeing he could not possibly live long, he returned to St. Ignace by way of the Kankakee portage. He never lived to reach Mackinaw. He died the 18th of May, 1675.

This expedition by Marquette and Joliet had carried the Lilies of France nearly to the Gulf of Mexico. The Indians in the great plains between the Great Lakes and the Gulf had been visited and the re- sources of the country noted. There remained but a slight strip of territory over which the banner of France had not floated, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. If this short distance were explored, then the French government would have completely surrounded the English colonies in North America. This is the next movement for the French as we shall see.

THE TRIUMPHS AND DEATH OP LASALJOE

Chevalier de La Salle came to America in the year 1667. Shortly after arriving in this country he established himself as a fur trader at a trading post called La Chine, on the island of Montreal. Here he came in contact with the Indians from the far west. Within two years he had departed on an exploration. For the next two or three years he had probably visited the Ohio river and had become quite familiar with the country to the south and west of the Great Lakes.

Count Frontenac built a fort on the shore of Lake Ontario where the lake sends its waters into the St. Lawrence river. La Salle was

42 HISTORY OP SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

put in charge of this fort. He named it Fort Frontenac. The pur- pose of this fort was to control the fur trade, especially that from up . the Ottawa, and prevent it from going to New York. In 1674 La Salle went to France and while there was raised to the rank of a noble. The king was greatly pleased with the plans of La Salle and readily granted him the seigniory of Fort Frontenac, together with a large quantity of land. For all this La Salle promised to keep the fort in repair, to maintain a garrison equal to that of Montreal, to clear the land, put it in a state of cultivation, and continually to keep arms, ammunition, and artillery in the fort. He further agreed to pay Count Frontenac for the erection of the fort, to build a church, attract Indians, make grants of land to settlers, and to do all for the ultimate purpose of furthering the interests of the French government.

La Salle returned from France and was perhaps at Fort Frontenac when Joliet passed down the lakes in the summer of 1674. The next year he began the improvement of his fort. For two years he prose- cuted a thriving trade with the Indians and also engaged in farming, ship-building, cattle-raising, and study.

The fall of 1678 found him in France with a request that the king grant him permission to explore the western part of New France and if possible find the mouth of the Mississippi river. La Salle had matured plans by which New France was to be connected with the western country by a line of strong fortifications. Fort Frontenac was the first step in this plan. He there explained how easy it would be to reach the region of the Great Lakes by the St. Lawrence route or by the Mississippi. There is no doubt that both Frontenac and La Salle wished to transfer the emphasis from the conversion of the Indians to that of conquest of territory for France, and to the more profitable business, as they saw it, of commerce. Frontenac had therefore strongly endorsed La Salle and his plans. Through Colbert and his son, La Salle succeeded in getting his patent from the king.

His BRAVE LIEUTENANT, TONTI

While in France La Salle met Henri de Tonti, an Italian who had just won distinction in the French army. His father had been en- gaged in an insurrection in Italy and had taken refuge in France where he became a great financier, having originated the Tontine system of life insurance. Henri de Tonti had lost a hand in one of the cam- paigns, but he was nevertheless a man of great energy, and destined to win for himself an honored name in the New World.

La Salle returned to New France in 1678, bringing with him about thirty craftsmen and mariners, together with a large supply of mili- tary and naval stores. It can readily be seen that La Salle would be opposed by the merchants and politicians in the region of Quebec and Montreal. He had risen rapidly and was now ready to make one of the most pretentious efforts at discovery and exploration that had been undertaken in New France.

Late in the fall of 1678, probably in December, he sent Captain LaMotte, and sixteen men to select a suitable site for the building of a vessel with which to navigate the upper lakes. Captain LaMotte stopped at the rapids below Niagara Falls and seems to have been indifferent to his mission. La Salle and Tonti arrived the 8th of January, 1679.

HISTORY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 43

The next day La Salle went above the falls and selected a place to construct the vessel. (The exact place is in doubt, probably at Tona- wanda creek.)

Tonti was charged with building the vessel. It was launched in May, 1679, and was christened the Griffin (Griffon). It was of forty- five to fifty tons burden and carried a complement of five cannon, and is supposed to have cost about $10,000.

An expedition of traders had been dispatched into the Illinois country for the purpose of traffic, in the fall of 1678. Tonti and a small party went up Lake Erie and were to await the coming of the Griffin at the head of the lake. The Griffin weighed anchor August 7, 1679, amid the booming of cannon and the chanting of the Te Deum. It arrived at what is now Detroit on the 10th, and there found Tonti and his party. The vessel reached Mackinaw on the 27th of August. Here La Salle found the men whom he had dispatched the year before to traffic with the Indians. He found they had been dissuaded from proceeding to the Illinois country by the report that La Salle was visionary and that his ship would never reach Mackinaw. Tonti was given the task of getting these men together, and while he was thus engaged, La Salle sailed in the Griffin for Green Bay.

Green Bay had been for several years a meeting place between white traders and explorers, and the Indians. When La Salle reached the point, he found some of the traders whom he had sent ahead the year before. These traders had collected from the Pottowatomies large quantities of furs. For these furs La Salle exchanged a large stock of European goods with which the Griffin was loaded. It is said that he made a large sum of money in this transaction. The Griffin was loaded with these furs and made ready to return to the warehouses at Niagara.

On September the 18th, the Griffin, in charge of a trusted pilot, a supercargo, and five sailors, started on the return voyage. La Salle on the 19th of September, 1679, with a company of fourteen persons, in four birch bark canoes, loaded with a blacksmith's forge, carpenter's tools, merchandise, arms, provision, etc., started on his journey for the Illinois country. He coasted along the western shore of Lake Michi- gan. Their provision was exhausted before they reached the present site of Milwaukee. They had been forced ashore three times to save their boats and their lives. They now went in search of food and for- tunately found a deserted Indian village with plenty of corn. They appropriated the corn, but left some articles as pay. The next